- Primary stimulus involved
- Impulse follows appropriate sensory and motor neurone/sensory and motor components are the same all the time;
- Single stimulus brings about the desired response
- Is learned (over time); - Secondary stimulus involved; - Impulse follows inappropriate sensory but appropriate motor neurone; - Repeated stimulus needed to bring about a response; | - Rhizopus/mucor/mould; reproduce asexually, by sporulation; spores develop from a single cell forming sporangium; which bursts on maturity releasing spores; which are dispersed by air currents/wind germinating; to form new generation/ form a mycelium (if it lands on a suitable medium); Or Yeast/Saccharomyces/Schizosaccharomyces; reproduce asexually; by budding: parent cell forms an outgrowth projection/bud; this is followed by division of the nucleus into two; one of the nuclei moves into the bud; which grows and develops into a new cell;
- After/at the onset of menstruation, (the anterior lobe of) the pituitary gland; secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); the FSH causes the Graafian follicle; to develop into the ovary; and stimulate the ovary tissues to secrete oestrogen hormone; Oestrogen brings about repair/healing of the endometrium/uterine wall; its concentration increases to a level which stimulates the anterior) pituitary gland; to secrete lutenizing hormone (L.H.) and stops further secretion of FSH; The L.H. stimulates the maturation of the Graafian follicle; LH also stimulates the Graafian follicle to release an ovum into the (funnel of the) fallopian tube causes ovulation; it also stimulates the remains of the Graafian follicle to form a yellow body corpus luteum (in the ovary; The corpus luteum is stimulated by the L.H. to produce progesterone; Progesterone then stimulates the thickening of the endometrium/inner lining of the uterine wall; in readiness for implantation, as progesterone level increases, it inhibits (the pituitary gland) from secreting FSH; further increase in progesterone level inhibits the pituitary gland from secreting L.H. This causes the corpus Luteum to degenerate; this reduces the amount of progesterone; the sudden drop in secretion of progesterone causes the endometrium to slough oft/menstruation occurs; and the cycle is repeated; (15 marks)
- The meal is ingested through the mouth; (In the mouth), it is chewed/masticated (by teeth); to reduce/break it into smaller particles, mixed with saliva (from salivary gland); The food is then rolled (by the tongue) into boluses; and pushed down/ into the oesophaghus/swallowed; The boluses move by peristalsis into the stomach); Constant contractions/relaxations of the stomach walls mix the food, giving rise to chime); Presence of food in the stomach further stimulates production of gastric juice; which contains pepsinogen; and rennin/chymosin; Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin; by hydrochloric acid; (contained in the gastric juice). Pepsin breaks down proteins to peptides; Rennin converts/coagulates the protein, caseinogen; in milk to casein; (which is abundant in young children). It is then pushed into the duodenum (through the pyloric sphincter); Pancreatic juice in the duodenum contains trypsin; which digests proteins into peptides; (secreted in an inactive form, trypsinogen) In the ileum, intestinal juice/Succus entericus is secreted; It contains peptidase enzymes, which breaks down polypeptides into amino acids, It also contains polypeptidase enzyme, which breaks down peptides to amino acids, completing the process of digestion of the proteins; The amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream/pass through the epithelia of the villi, and the capillary walls into the blood-stream; by active transport; The undigested/indigestible proteins/food substances pass through to the colon/large intestines, where water is absorbed, leaving a semi-solid waste material being passed on to the rectum; then out through the anus (as faeces); (20 marks)
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ONLINE TUTORS www.onlinetutors.co.ke KCSE BIOLOGY BIOLOGY ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH MARK SCHEMES 1. Explain the various ways in which a typical cell is adapted to its functions
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