short essay on indian constitution

Essay On Indian Constitution

Table of Contents

Short Essay On Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution is the supreme law of India and is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world. It was adopted on 26th November 1949 and came into effect on 26th January 1950. The Indian Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly and is a testament to India’s commitment to democracy, justice, and equality for all its citizens.

• Federal System of Government: The Indian Constitution establishes a federal system of government, with powers divided between the central government and the states. This helps to ensure that the government is accountable to both the central government and the states, and prevents any one level of government from becoming too powerful.
• Fundamental Rights: The Indian Constitution guarantees certain fundamental rights to all its citizens, including the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, and the right to life and personal liberty. These rights serve as a safeguard against discrimination and oppression and are considered sacred and non-negotiable.
• Directive Principles of State Policy: The Indian Constitution also lays down certain Directive Principles of State Policy, which serve as a guide for the government in its policies and decision-making. These principles include promoting social and economic justice, promoting international peace and security, and protecting and improving the environment.
• Independent Judiciary: The Indian Constitution establishes an independent judiciary that acts as a guardian of the Constitution and ensures that the government and other public institutions are held accountable. The judiciary is also empowered to interpret the Constitution and resolve disputes between the central and state governments.
• Separation of Powers: The Indian Constitution follows the principle of the separation of powers, with the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government having separate and distinct powers and responsibilities. This helps to prevent the concentration of power in any one branch of government and promotes accountability and checks and balances.
• Secularism: The Indian Constitution enshrines the principle of secularism, which means that the government must be neutral with respect to religion. This ensures that all citizens are free to practice their own religion and that no one religion is given preferential treatment over another.

In conclusion, the Indian Constitution is a remarkable document that serves as the foundation of India’s democracy and is a source of pride for the country. It guarantees fundamental rights, establishes a federal system of government, promotes social and economic justice, and ensures the independence of the judiciary. The Indian Constitution is a living document that has been amended several times to keep pace with changing times and the needs of the people, and it remains a shining example of India’s commitment to democracy, justice, and equality for all.

Long Essay On Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution is a document of great importance to the country. It not only lays down the fundamental law of the land but also outlines the rights and duties of citizens. This essay will take a look at the history, structure and contents of this important document that has guided India for decades. We’ll also explore how it has evolved over time and what role it plays in modern times.

Introduction

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest constitution in the world.

The Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950. The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930. With its adoption, the Union of India officially became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act 1935 as the country’s fundamental governing document. The Constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular republic with an independent judiciary.

It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly between 1946 and 1949 under leadership of Dr B R Ambedkar as Chairman of its Drafting Committee. The members repudiated earlier treaties with Britain (the 1858 Government of India Act) and especially rejected ideas about a centralised state contained in previous constitutions such as that proposed by Sir Edward Coke in 1628 or even that which had been used to govern British colonies such as Australia (the 1900 Australian Constitution).

Underlying these decisions was a belief that power should devolve more widely through society so as prevent any one group from having too much control over others; this was thought necessary given historical events such as colonialism and communal violence. Federalism was also another

Historical Overview of the Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. It is the longest constitution in the world. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is widely regarded as its chief architect.

The Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, with a Preamble, 22 parts containing 448 articles and 8 schedules. It came into effect on 26 January 1950 with George VI as head of state for India. The last amendment to the Constitution of India was made in 2019. Some of the major amendments include abolition of untouchability and introduction of right to property as a legal right.

The Constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty and endeavours to promote fraternity among them. The words “socialist” and “secular” were added to the definition in 1976 by constitutional amendment. India celebrates its Constitution Day on 26 November every year.

Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens

The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens are mentioned in the Constitution of India. They are defined as the basic rights and duties of every citizen of India.

The Fundamental Rights include the right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to life and personal liberty, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies.

The Fundamental Duties include duties towards the nation, such as maintaining harmony among different sections of society, promoting integrity and common good, protecting public property, safeguarding environment, etc.

Every citizen is entitled to these rights and duties. It is the duty of every citizen to uphold the Constitution and strive towards the welfare of the country.

Directive Principles of State Policy

The Directive Principles of State Policy are a set of guidelines for the Indian Parliament to use when creating legislation. They are found in Part IV of the Constitution of India. The principles are based on the philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi and were added to the Constitution by Jawaharlal Nehru during the drafting process.

The Directive Principles are not enforceable by courts, but they are considered fundamental in the governance of the country. The principles cover a wide range of topics, including social welfare, education, economic development, and civil rights.

Some of the more notable Directive Principles include:

– Promoting equality and prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of caste, race, religion, or gender – Establishing a minimum wage – Providing free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 – Protecting workers’ rights, including the right to form unions – Promoting environmental conservation – Agrarian reform and improving conditions for rural workers

Role of the Prime Minister and Cabinet

The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India. The President of India appoints the Prime Minister, who also has to be the leader of a party with a majority in the Lok Sabha (lower house of parliament).

The Prime Minister and his/her Council of Ministers are collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is also responsible for appointing various key officials, such as the Governors of State Banks and other important financial institutions.

The Cabinet is a body of senior ministers, usually numbering around 20, headed by the Prime Minister. It advises and helps him/her in policy formulation and decision-making. All decisions taken by the Cabinet are collective decisions taken by all its members.

The role of the Prime Minister has evolved over time. In the initial years after independence, Jawaharlal Nehru was both the Prime Minister and the de facto leader of the Congress Party. Over time, however, this changed and there was a separation between the two roles. Indira Gandhi was perhaps the most prominent example of a Prime Minister who was also head of her party.

Legislature and Judiciary

The Constitution of India vests the legislative power of the Union in the Parliament which consists of the President, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President has the power to promulgate ordinances when Parliament is not in session. The Parliament has power to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India.

The Constitution also establishes an independent judiciary which consists of the Supreme Court, High Courts and other subordinate courts. The Supreme Court is vested with the power of judicial review and it can declare a law made by Parliament as unconstitutional if it violates any provision of the Constitution. The High Courts are vested with original jurisdiction over matters relating to their respective states while subordinate courts deal with matters relating to local areas.

Distribution of Powers between Centre and States

The Constitution of India provides for a federal system of government, whereby power is distributed between the central government and the states. The distribution of powers between the Centre and the states is as follows:

The Parliament of India has the power to make laws for the whole of India with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the Union List. The Union List contains 100 items (as opposed to 97 in the original Constitution), which include defence, foreign affairs, currency, banking, communications, etc.

The Parliament of India also has the power to make laws for any part of India with respect to any matter not enumerated in the State List or Concurrent List. In other words, Parliament can make laws on any subject not expressly reserved for the states. However, before making any law on a matter not enumerated in these lists, Parliament must obtain the consent of the President.

The State Legislature has exclusive power to make laws for its state with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the State List. The State List contains 66 items (as opposed to 61 in the original Constitution), which include police, trade unions, agriculture, irrigation, local government, etc. In addition, each state has been given residuary powers, which means that it can legislate on any matter not expressly reserved for either Parliament or itself.

The Concurrent List contains 52 items (as opposed to 47 in the original Constitution), which include education, forests, trade disputes, marriage and divorce, electricity, etc. Both the Centre and the states can make laws on these matters, but in the case of a conflict between the two, the law made by Parliament shall prevail over that made by any state legislature.

Emergency Provisions in Indian Constitution

The Constitution of India contains a number of provisions for dealing with emergencies. Article 352 of the Constitution empowers the President to declare a national emergency. A national emergency can be declared on the grounds of internal disturbance or external aggression.

Internal disturbance refers to a situation where the security of India is threatened by internal factors such as riots, armed rebellion, etc. External aggression refers to a situation where the security of India is threatened by external forces such as war, invasion, etc.

Once a national emergency is declared, the President can exercise his/her discretionary powers to deal with the situation. These powers include suspending the fundamental rights of citizens, imposing censorship on the media, and detaining persons without trial.

The Constitution also provides for state emergencies under Article 356. A state emergency can be declared if the President is satisfied that there is a breakdown of law and order in a state or that the government of the state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.

Once a state emergency is declared, the President can assume direct control over the administration of the state. The President can also dismiss the state government and impose president’s rule in the state. Under president’s rule, all executive and legislative powers are vested in the hands of the central government.

The Constitution contains certain safeguards to prevent abuse of power during emergencies. For instance, Article 358 suspends all Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution during an emergency but expressly states that Articles 20

Amendment Procedure

The Constitution of India can be amended in two ways. The first way is by a simple majority of the Parliament. The second way is by a special majority, which requires a two-thirds majority of the Parliament, as well as the approval of at least half of the state legislatures.

The Indian Constitution is a unique document with many important principles and values embedded within it. It has been an essential foundation for India’s growth and stability since independence, providing citizens with the rights to freedom, equality, justice, and dignity. The constitution provides a comprehensive legal framework that guarantees civil liberties while protecting fundamental rights of all individuals regardless of race, religion or gender. In short, the Indian Constitution is not only the cornerstone of our democracy but also serves as an example around the world on how constitutional law can be used to protect liberty and promote progress in society.

Manisha Dubey Jha is a skilled educational content writer with 5 years of experience. Specializing in essays and paragraphs, she’s dedicated to crafting engaging and informative content that enriches learning experiences.

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Essay on Indian Constitution in 100, 250, and 350 words

• Updated on  
• Jan 3, 2024

The constitution of India was written and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 but it became effective on 26th January 1950. It is a set of rules and regulations that guide the administration of the country. It is the backbone of every democratic and secular fabric of the nation. The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world and describes the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government. This is just a brief paragraph on the Indian constitution, we have provided samples of essay on Indian Constitution. Let’s explore them!

Table of Contents

• 1 Essay on Indian Constitution in 100 words
• 2 Essay on Indian Constitution in 250 words
• 3 Essay on Indian Constitution in 350 words
• 4 Indian Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens
• 5 The Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government
• 6 Conclusion

Learn more about the Making of Indian Constitution

Essay on Indian Constitution in 100 words

The Indian Constitution became effective on the 26th of January 1950 although the Constituent Assembly adopted it on the 26th of November 1949. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee that wrote it. Hence, it was the longest-written constitution of India and provides a detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of India. The original constitution of India is the lengthiest in the world and is hand-written and calligraphed. It is the supreme law of India that is drafted by the Constituent Assembly which is even superior to the Parliament. After the constitution came into effect, the status of India changed from “Dominion of India” to “Republic of India”. Hence, 26th January is celebrated as The Republic Day of India.

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Essay on Indian Constitution in 250 words

The Indian Constitution was drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who is known as the ‘Father of Indian Constitution’. It took almost 3 years to draft the same. Various aspects of the society such as economic, socio-political, etc were taken into consideration while drafting the constitution. While drafting the Indian Constitution, the drafting committee took into consideration various constitutions of other countries such as France, Japan and Britain to seek valuable insights. 

The Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Indian Citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Federal Structure of the Government of India, all were included in the Indian Constitution. Every policy, duty and right has been explained at length in the Indian Constitution hence making it the lengthiest written constitution in the world. 

There were more than 2000 amendments that had to be made to the Indian Constitution to get it approved. The same was adopted on November 26th, 1949 and was enforced on January 26th, 1950. From that day onwards, the status of India changed from “Dominion of India” to “Republic of India”. And that is why since then, 26th January is celebrated as the Republic Day. On this occasion, the National Flag of India is hoisted at various places across the nation and the National Anthem is sung to rejoice the day. There is a special day that is dedicated to the Indian Constitution known as the ‘National Constitution Day’ that came into existence in 2015. 

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Essay on Indian Constitution in 350 words

The Indian Constitution is the supreme document that gives a very detailed account of what the citizens of India can and also cannot do. It has been set up as a standard that needs to be followed to ensure law and order in society and also to help it develop and prosper.

Indian Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens

The duties and the Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens have been clearly stated and defined in the Constitution of India. The Fundamental Rights include:

• The Right to Equality
• The Right to Freedom
• The Right to Freedom of Religion
• Cultural and Educational Rights
• Right Against Exploitation
• Right to Constitutional Remedies

These are the basic rights and all the citizens across the country are entitled to the same irrespective of their colour, caste, creed, or religion.

Fundamental Duties of the Indian CItizens that are included in the Indian Constitution are:-

• Respecting the Constitution of India
• To always honour the National Anthem and the National Flag
• To protect the unity
• Preserving the heritage of the county
• Protecting the integrity and sovereignty of India
• Promoting the spirit of brotherhood
• To have compassion for living creatures
• To strive for excellence 
• To protect public property and contribute your bit to maintaining peace

These are also mentioned in detail in the Indian Constitution. 

The Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government

The working of the Government as well as its structure is also mentioned in detail in the Indian Constitution.  The Indian Constitution mentions that India has a parliamentary system of government that is present at the centre as well as in states. The power to take major decisions lies with the Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers. The president of India on the other hand, has nominal powers.

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The Constitution of India was approved after several amendments by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who, along with his team of six members, was a part of the drafting committee that came up with the Indian Constitution.

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Ans: The Indian Constitution became effective on the 26th of January 1950 although the Constituent Assembly adopted it on the 26th of November 1949. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee that wrote it. Hence, it was the longest-written constitution of India and provides a detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of India. The original constitution of India is the lengthiest in the world and is hand-written and calligraphed. It is the supreme law of India that is drafted by the Constituent Assembly which is even superior to the Parliament. After the constitution came into effect, the status of India changed from “Dominion of India” to “Republic of India”. Hence, 26th January is celebrated as The Republic Day of India.

Ans: The constitution of India was written and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 but it became effective on 26th January 1950. It is a set of rules and regulations that guide the administration of the country. It is the backbone of every democratic and secular fabric of the nation. The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world. And describes the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government.

Ans: The Indian Constitution is the supreme document that gives a very detailed account of what the citizens of India can and also cannot do. It has been set up as a standard that needs to be followed to ensure law and order in society and also to help it develop and prosper.

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Essay on Constitution of India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Constitution of India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Constitution of India

Introduction.

The Constitution of India is a significant document that outlines the country’s political code, structure, procedures, and powers. It is the longest written constitution in the world.

The constitution was adopted on 26th November 1949 and came into effect on 26th January 1950. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chief architect.

It declares India as a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. It also provides for a parliamentary system of government which is federal in structure.

The Constitution of India serves as the guiding light, ensuring justice, equality, and fraternity among its citizens.

250 Words Essay on Constitution of India

The Constitution of India, the world’s lengthiest written constitution, is the supreme law of India. It lays the framework demarcating fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of the government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and duties of citizens.

Historical Background

Drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected for undivided India, the Constitution was adopted on 26th November 1949 and came into effect on 26th January 1950, replacing the Government of India Act (1935). The drafting committee, chaired by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, is credited for the constitution’s formulation.

Features of the Constitution

The Constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality, and liberty, and promoting fraternity. It provides a parliamentary system of government, federal in structure with unitary features.

Amendments and Adaptability

The Constitution is a living document with a dynamic approach. As of 2021, it has been amended 105 times, reflecting its flexibility. The amendment procedure is detailed in Article 368, allowing changes to meet the evolving socio-political needs.

The Indian Constitution is not merely a legal document but a vehicle of the nation’s life. It reflects the aspirations and values of its people. Despite its imperfections and criticisms, it has served as a robust framework guiding India’s progress and upholding its democratic ethos.

500 Words Essay on Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is a symbol of the nation’s sovereignty, outlining the framework that defines political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out the fundamental rights, directive principles, and duties of citizens. Adopted on 26th November 1949 and put into effect on 26th January 1950, it replaced the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.

Historical Background and Framing of the Constitution

The decision to frame a constitution for India was made in 1934 by the Indian National Congress. The drafting committee, chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, was constituted in 1947. The committee took nearly three years to draft the constitution, drawing inspiration from various sources including the British, American, Australian, Canadian, and Irish constitutions, as well as the French Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Features of the Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution is the world’s lengthiest written constitution, with a preamble and 470 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts with 12 schedules and five appendices. It declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavors to promote fraternity among them.

The Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of government, which is federal in structure with unitary features. It also provides for a bicameral legislature consisting of an Upper House (Rajya Sabha), and a Lower House (Lok Sabha). The President of India is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government.

Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights

The Directive Principles of State Policy, on the other hand, are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These principles, though non-justiciable, aim to establish social and economic democracy, complementing the political democracy guaranteed by the fundamental rights.

Amendments to the Constitution

The Constitution of India has a provision for amendments to maintain its relevance. These amendments are carried out under Article 368. Till now, the constitution has been amended 104 times, reflecting the dynamic nature of the constitution.

The Constitution of India has stood the test of time, accommodating the changing needs of a growing nation. It has served as a robust framework guiding the country through its journey as a democratic republic. As the supreme law of the land, it continues to protect the rights of citizens and uphold the values of justice, equality, and liberty.

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Essay On Constitution Of India | Indian Constitution Essay for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Essay On Constitution Of India:  The constitution of India is one of the lengthiest and longest written constitutions in the whole world. The constitution is the backbone of the democratic and secular fabric of the nation and every institution in the country follows the constitution of India.

In this essay on constitution of India, we shall be talking about the salient features of our constitution, has how it was formed and what are the important articles in the Constitution that define past, present and future of India.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Constitution of India for Students and Kids in English

If you are a student or an IAS aspirant searching for a perfect essay on constitution of India, then you have come to the right place. We have provided a 600-word long essay on constitution of India is helpful for students of classes 7,8,9 and 10. and 200-word short essay on constitution of India is helpful for students of classes 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 which can be used by students for various purposes.

Long Essay On Constitution of India 600 Words in English

The supreme law of the country in a democratic system is the constitution. The word constitution has a French origin which is usually used to refer to law and order. Constitution of India starts with a preamble with the phrases “we the people” and talks about the values of the constitution which are equality, liberty, secularism and fraternity. Indian Constitution is one of the longest constitutions in the world. Our Indian Constitution consists of 465 articles, 12 schedules, 22 amendments and 146385 words in it.

Indian Constitution is an amalgamation of the Constitution of France, Britain, USA, Germany, and the former USSR. Some of the best features of the best constitutions in the world were taken and adjusted in the Indian Constitution as a result of which Indian Constitution in today’s world is considered one of the most detailed and comprehensive constitutions to exist. The reason why Indian Constitution is so lengthy is because of the kind of diversity and unique problems that exist only in India. The constitution of India addresses each and every issue that can possibly be imagined in a country like India which has many religions, ethnicities, cultures and languages.

Dr BR Ambedkar is known as the father of Indian constitution and he was the main person behind the framing of the Indian Constitution. He was the head of the drafting committee and he travelled across the world for many democratic countries to get inspiration to draft the Indian Constitution. It is also said that Dr BR Ambedkar wanted to burn the constitution of India. With regard to the powers of the governor, Ambedkar had heated debate with the members of the drafting committee and was hell-bent on preventing any harm or injury to the minorities of the country.

The Indian Constitution was originally written in Hindi and English. The constituent assembly and the members of the same signed two copies of the Constitution, one in the language of Hindi and the other in English. At that point in time when the Constitution was drafted, the Indian Constitution was only handwritten. It was neither printed nor typed and hence it is the only longest handwritten constitution on earth.

The values that the constitution represents is the values that India celebrates every day. The fundamental rights that the constitution of India guarantees its citizens to keep them safe from the bad elements in the section of the population are important. The values of liberty, equality, fraternity and secularism are some of the values that are celebrated all over the world and the Indian Union stands as a testimony for these values. It is because of the robustness and strength of our constitution that India is has become the second-largest democracy in the world. The Preamble of the Constitution of India declared the country as a power in a socialist, secular and democratic republic and the welfare of the state is committed to attaining justice, liberty and equality for all the people without any discrimination based on religion, caste, creed, sex or place of birth.

It took nearly three years to complete the Indian constitution and to be precise it took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to come up with the final draught. The constitution of India has been amended over 94 times in the last 60 years of India’s Independence.

I would like to conclude by saying that the essence of the Constitution is what makes India one of the strongest nations in the world. Without such a robust constitution, India would slip into a fascist and an authoritarian regime. Every government, irrespective of the political ideologies and bend of mind, should obey the constitution of India and follow the law of the land for the healthy democratic republic of India.

Short Essay On Constitution of India 200 Words in English

The constitution of India is one of the lengthiest constitutions in the whole world which contains a preamble, 22 parts with 448 articles, 12 schedules 5 appendices, and 15 amendments. It is the only constitution in the whole world which was handwritten completely in two languages, Hindi and English. Constitution of India was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada.

The constitution of India says that the republic of India is a sovereign, socialist, secular and a democratic republic. The constitution also celebrates the values of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all the people in the country without any discrimination. The constitution of India assures the citizens their economic and political justice, liberty of thought, expression faith, belief and worship. Although, in recent years certain articles and clauses of the constitution have been overstepped which is a dangerous precedence for the democratic values of the country.

I would like to conclude by saying that the Indian Constitution takes influences from the constitutions of France, Russia, America, Britain and Japan. It is one of the longest constitutions in the world and addresses each and every problem in a country like India with so much diversity in culture and ethnicity. It is because of the Constitution of India that India is known as the second biggest democracy and if there comes a time when the constitution of India is not followed, then India might slip into fascism and authoritarianism.

10 Lines on Constitution of India Essay

• Indian Constitution is one of the longest constitutions in the world.
• Indian Constitution is the only constitution that was handwritten in two languages, English and Hindi.
• Dr. BR Ambedkar is known as the father of the Indian Constitution.
• The constitution of India declared the country as a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic.
• Constitution of India assures its citizen of justice, equality, liberty and helps in promoting fraternity without any discrimination based on caste, creed, religion, gender or place of birth.
• It took nearly 2 years 11 months and 18 days to finish the constitution of India.
• The concept of the five-year plan was borrowed by the constitution of the USA and the concept of an independent judiciary was taken from the constitution of Japan.
• The national constitution day is celebrated on the 26th of November every year.
• The Constitution of India was officially adopted and came into force on 26 January 1950, which is also known as the Republic Day of India.
• The English version of the Constitution has 117369 words, 444 articles, 22 parts, 12 schedules and 104 amendments.

FAQs on Essay On Constitution Of India

Question 1. Who is the father of the Indian Constitution?

Answer: Dr. BR Ambedkar is known as the father of Indian Constitution

Question 2. When was the Indian Constitution adopted?

Answer: Indian constitution was adopted on 26th November 1949, which is also known as National Constitution Day of India

Question 3. Where is the original copy of the Indian constitution located?

Answer: The original copies of the Indian Constitution is kept in a special helium-filled case in the library of the Parliament of India

Question 4. Which amendment is known as the most controversial constitutional amendment in the history of India?

Answer: The 42nd amendment, which reduces the powers of Judiciary, is known as the most controversial part of the Indian Constitution

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Essay on Constitution of India in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Constitution of India: The constitution of India became effective on 26 th January 1950; though it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949. It was written by a drafting committee headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. Therefore it is the longest written constitution that defines the power, procedures and responsibilities of the government institutions of India and gives detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of our country.

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Target Exam ---

The original Indian Constitution is hand written, calligraphed and also the lengthiest Constitution in the world. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India drafted by the Constituent Assembly, superior even to the Parliament, as it cannot over rides it. With the Constitution coming into effect, India’s status from “Dominion of India” was changed to the “Republic of India”.

Long and Short Essay on Constitution of India in English

Here are long and short essay on Constitution of India to help you with the topic in your exam.

After going through the Constitution of India essay you will know about the features of Constitution, who was in the drafting committee of the constitution, which other constitutions is the Indian constitution inspired from, how long does it took to draft the Constitution, and other facts of the Constitution of India.

However you can use these essays in your school’s essay writing competition, debate competition or other similar events.

Short Essay on Constitution of India in 200 words

The Constitution of India drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who known as the Father of the Indian Constitution. It took almost three years to draft the Constitution. Various socio-political and economic aspects of the society were taken into consideration while drafting the Constitution. The drafting committee also referred to the Constitutions of various other counties including Britain, France and Japan to seek valuable inputs.

The Constitution of India includes the Fundamental Rights and Duties of the citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Federal Structure of the Government of India. Every policy, right and duty has explained at length in the Indian Constitution thereby making it the longest written Constitution in the world.

More than 2000 amendments had to made in the Constitution of India in order to get it approved. It was adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced completely on 26 th January 1950. This was the day when our country began to be known as the Republic of India. 26 th January is since then celebrated as the Republic Day. The Indian National Flag is hoisted at various places across the country and the National Anthem is sung to rejoice the day. National Constitution Day, a special day dedicated particularly to the Indian Constitution, came into being in 2015.

Essay on Importance of Constitution of India in 300 words

The Constitution of India is known to the supreme document that gives a detailed account of what the citizens of India can and also cannot do. It has set a standard that needs to followed to ensure law and order in the society and also to help it develop and prosper.

Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens

The fundamental rights and duties of the Indian citizens have clearly defined in the Constitution of the country. However the Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens include the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, Right against Exploitation, Right to Constitutional Remedies. Therefore these are the basic rights that all the citizens of the country entitled to irrespective of their caste, colour, creed or religion.

Some of the fundamental duties of an Indian citizen are to respect the constitution, honour the national flag and national anthem, protect the unity, preserve the heritage of the country, protect the integrity and sovereignty of India, promote the spirit of brotherhood, have compassion for living creatures, strive for excellence, protect public property and contribute his/ her bit in maintaining peace. These also mentioned at length in the Indian Constitution.

Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government

The structure and working of the government also stated at length in the Constitution of India. The Constitution mentions that India has a parliamentary system of government. This system is present at the centre as well as in the states. The Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers have the power to take all the major decisions. The President of India, on the other hand, has nominal powers.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar along with his team of six members who were a part of the drafting committee came up with the Constitution of India. The Constitution approved after several amendments. Many amendments have also done after the enforcement of the Constitution.

Essay on Formation of Constitution of India in 400 words

The Constitution of India came into form on 26 th November 1949. A special committee formed to draft the Constitution that gives a detailed account of the practices that are deemed lawful and those deemed unlawful and are punishable. Therefore the Constitution was enforced on 26 th January 1950. With the enforcement of the Constitution, our country came to be known as the Republic of India.

Special Drafting Committee for the Constitution of India

The task of drafting the Constitution of India was that of great responsibility. The Constituent Assembly set up a special drafting committee to further this work. There were seven members in the drafting committee. These included prominent Indian leaders namely, B.R. Ambedkar, B.L. Mitter, K.M. Munshi, N. Gopalaswami Ayengar, Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, DP and Mohammad Saadullah. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee. Ambedkar referred to as the Father of the Indian Constitution. This is because it was under his guidance and supervision that this big draft came into form.

Indian Constitution – Inspired by Constitutions of Other Countries

The constitution of India drew inspiration from the constitutions of various other countries. Many of the concepts and acts included in our constitution borrowed from the constitutions of countries such as France, Germany, Japan, Australia, USA, Britain, Ireland, Russia and South Africa.

The drafting committee of the Indian Constitution also referred to the Government of India Act 1858, the Government of India Act 1919 and 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 to get an idea about the acts and features to be included in the Constitution. These previous acts helped the committee understand the condition and requirement of the citizens of the country. Our Constitution thus often referred to as the bag of borrowings. It consisted of as many as 395 articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of its enactment. It handwritten and calligraphed.

After putting in immense efforts when the drafting committee presented the final draft of the Constitution of India, it suggested to make several amendments. The committee sat together to make more than 2000 amendments to get the Constitution approved. The members conducted several discussions to make appropriate amendments for getting the approval. 284 members of the Constituent Assembly of India signed the Constitution to give their approval on the same. This done two days before the enforcement of the constitution.

The Constitution of India is a massive piece of writing that includes a detailed account of the dos and don’ts for the Indian system. It has undergone around 100 amendments since it came into form.

Essay on Constitution of India in 500 words

Constitution of india – the supreme power of country.

The Constitution of India rightly said to the supreme power of the country. The laws, codes, rights and duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution need to followed strictly by the citizens of the country. Therefore the decisions made in the parliament and Supreme Court of India are all based on the laws and codes defined in the Constitution of India. Parliament of India does not have the power to override the constitution.

Dr. B. R Ambedkar – The Chief Architect of Indian Constitution

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee formed to write the Constitution of India. He was the chairman of this committee. He contributed immensely in the formation of the Constitution by giving several valuable inputs and thus came to be known as the chief architect of the Constitution of India. There were six other members in the drafting committee which formed by the Constituent Assembly of India. These members worked under the guidance of Dr. Ambedkar.

Constitution of India Replaced Government of India Act

The Government of India Act, 1935 acted as the fundamental governing document of India until the formation of the Constitution of India. The Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India in November 1949. Many of the articles of the Constitution came into force at that time. The Constitution effectively enforced on 26 th January 1950 which came to known as the Indian Republic Day. The remaining articles became effective on this date. Our country which until then called the Dominion of the British Crown thereafter came to known as the Sovereign Democratic Republic of India.

Special Days to Celebrate the Constitution of India

The formation and enforcement of Indian Constitution celebrated at a grand scale on the Republic Day each year. Republic Day is a national holiday in the country. A massive event organized at India Gate, New Delhi on Republic Day to honour the Constitution of the country. The constitutional head of India, i.e., its president hoists national flag at Rajpath. The Prime Minister and President of India and several Chief Ministers of different states of the country are present at the event. Parades by school kids and armed forces held on Rajpath. School children also perform dances and other cultural acts. Parade of beautiful tableau displaying the culture of various Indian states also held during the event.

Several small events organized at different offices and schools throughout the country to commemorate the Indian Constitution. Painting, essay and music competitions held in schools in addition to colleges. Patriotic songs sung and aslo speeches about the Constitution of India delivered.

National Constitution Day

In the year 2015, Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, gave the suggestion to dedicate an exclusive day to our constitution. Since the Indian Constitution adopted on 26 th November 1949, this date chosen to honour the constitution. 26 th November celebrated as the National Constitution Day since 2015.

Many small and big events organized in schools, colleges and government institutions across India on this day. The importance of the Indian Constitution emphasized during these events. Patriotic songs sung and cultural activities organized to celebrate the day.

The Constitution of India has prepared with precision considering the interest of the common man as well as the overall interest of the country. It is a gift for the citizens of our country.

Long Essay on Constitution of India (600 words)

Introduction

Enforced on 26 th January 1950, the Constitution of India prepared by a committee consisting of seven members headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. It guides the citizens of India, the country’s government bodies and other authorities to act in the right manner. However it has played a significant role in maintaining peace and prosperity in the country.

Salient Features of the Constitution of India

Here are the top salient features of the constitution of India:

Longest Written Constitution

The Constitution of India the longest written constitution in the world. It took almost three years to write this detailed constitution. However it has a preamble, 448 articles, 25 groups, 12 schedules and 5 appendices. It is much lengthier than the US Constitution that includes only 7 Articles.

Amalgamation of Rigidity and Flexibility

The Constitution of India is a mix of rigidity and flexibility. While it is the supreme power that needs to followed diligently to maintain law and order in the country, the citizens can appeal to amend the provisions they deem outdated or stern. While certain provisions can amended with some difficulty others are easy to amend. As many as 103 amendments have done in the Constitution of our country since its enforcement.

The Preamble

The well drafted Preamble of the Indian Constitution gives a detailed account of the philosophy of the constitution. It states that India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic. It is a welfare state which puts its people first. However it believes in equality, freedom and justice for its people. While democratic socialism followed right from the beginning, the term Socialism added only in 1976.

India – A Secular State

The Constitution has declared India a secular state. Therefore India does not give special status to any religion. It provides its citizens complete freedom to choose their religion. It condemns religious groups instigating people in the name of religion.

India – A Republic

The Constitution declares India to be a Republic. Therefore the country not ruled by a nominated head or monarch. It has an elected head called the President. The President, elected indirectly by the people of the country, comes to power for a period of 5 years.

India – A Mix of Federalism and Unitarianism

The Constitution describes India as a federal structure with many unitary features. It referred to as a Quasi-Federation or a Unitarian Federation. Just like a federation, India has divided power among the centre and states. It has a dual administration system. It has a written, supreme constitution that needs to followed religiously. Therefore it includes an independent judiciary embedded with the power to decide centre-state disputes. At the same time it has unitary features such as a strong common constitution, common election commission and emergency provisions to name a few.

Fundamental Duties of Citizens

The Constitution of India clearly states the fundamental duties of its citizens. Some of these are to upload and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India, respect the national flag and the national anthem, preserve the rich heritage of the country, protect the natural environment, safeguard public property and treat everyone equally.

Directive Principles of the State Policy

The Directive Principles of the State Policy also mentioned in the Constitution of India. These principles are basically the guidelines provided to the state to further socio-economic development aims via its policies.

The Constitution of India serves as a guiding light for its citizens. Therefore everything well-defined in the Indian Constitution. It has helped India attain the status of a Republic. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and the members of the drafting committee of the Indian constitution have indeed done a commendable job for which they will always remembered.

Essay on Constitution of India FAQs

What is indian constitution short note.

The Indian Constitution is a written document that outlines the framework and rules for governing India. It defines the powers, duties, and responsibilities of the government and its citizens.

What is constitution in 100 words?

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents that a state or organization is governed by. It outlines the structure of government, establishes rights and freedoms, and provides the framework for laws and institutions.

What is constitution 10 lines?

A constitution is a written document that sets the basic rules for governing a country. It defines the structure of the government, allocates powers among different entities, protects the rights of citizens, and establishes the legal framework for the nation.

What is the Constitution of India?

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country. It lays down the framework that defines the political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of the government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights and duties of citizens.

Who started Constitution of India?

The drafting committee for the Constitution of India was chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. He played a pivotal role in shaping and finalizing the Constitution.

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Essay on Constitution 500+ Words

The Constitution of India serves as the guiding star of our nation, shedding light on the path to justice, equality, and democracy. Furthermore, it is a remarkable document that molds our country’s destiny, guaranteeing that India maintains its status as a diverse and vibrant democracy. In the following essay, we will delve into the Constitution of India, examining its significance, history, and the fundamental principles that distinguish it as truly exceptional.

The Birth of the Constitution:

The Constitution of India, adopted on January 26, 1950, marked the moment when India became a republic. Furthermore, it was the culmination of years of dedicated effort by a distinguished assembly of minds known as the Constituent Assembly. Notably, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect, played an indispensable role in shaping this significant document.

Guarantor of Rights:

One of the most important aspects of the Indian Constitution is that it guarantees fundamental rights to its citizens. These rights ensure that every Indian is treated fairly and has the freedom to express themselves, practice their religion, and more.

Equality for All:

The Constitution promotes equality in all aspects of life. It does not discriminate based on caste, religion, gender, or place of birth. This principle of equality helps India embrace its diversity and promotes unity among its people.

Democracy in Action:

India is the world’s largest democracy, and the Constitution is the backbone of this system. It outlines how our government works, from elections to the roles of the President, Prime Minister, and Parliament. Every citizen’s vote matters, making India a true democracy.

Directive Principles of State Policy:

The Constitution includes directive principles that guide the government on how to create a just and equal society. These principles focus on eradicating poverty, providing education, and improving the living conditions of the people.

Amendments and Evolution:

The Constitution is not set in stone; it can be amended or changed to suit the evolving needs of the country. This flexibility allows us to adapt to new challenges and make improvements as necessary.

Fundamental Duties:

While the Constitution grants rights, it also emphasizes the importance of responsibilities. It outlines fundamental duties that every citizen should follow to help maintain peace and harmony in the country.

Safeguarding Justice:

The Constitution also established the judiciary as a separate and independent branch of government. The Supreme Court, with its judges, ensures that the laws are followed and justice is served.

Diversity Respected:

India is known for its diversity in languages, religions, and cultures. The Constitution acknowledges and respects this diversity, allowing people to freely practice their religions and preserve their traditions.

Conclusion of Essay on Constitution

In conclusion, the Constitution of India is not just a legal document; it’s the soul of our nation. It embodies the dreams and aspirations of millions, ensuring that India remains a diverse, democratic, and inclusive country. The principles of justice, equality, and freedom that it upholds are the very values that make India a shining example to the world. As citizens of this great nation, it’s our duty to uphold and protect the Constitution, for it is our guiding light towards a brighter and more equitable future. The Constitution of India is not just a piece of paper; it’s the heart that beats within our nation, uniting us all in the spirit of democracy and progress.

Also Check: Simple Guide on How To Write An Essay

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Constitution of India: Meaning, Structure, Enactment, Features & Significance

The Constitution of India , as the fundamental law of the land , embodies the values, principles, and governance framework of our country. It serves as the supreme law, guiding the state’s functioning and ensuring citizen’s rights and responsibilities. With its roots grounded in historical struggles, philosophical ideals, and societal aspirations, it reflects the nation’s collective journey toward democracy, justice, and equality. This article of NEXT IAS aims to explain the meaning, structure, salient features, significance, and other aspects of the Constitution of India.

What is the Meaning of Constitution?

A Constitution of a state is a fundamental set of principles or established precedents according to which the state is governed. It outlines the organization, powers, and limits of government institutions, as well as the rights and duties of citizens. It serves as the supreme law of the land , providing a framework for the functioning of the government, the protection of individual liberties, and the maintenance of social order.

What is Constitution of India?

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the Republic of India. It lays down the framework for the country’s political system, defining the powers and responsibilities of government institutions, safeguarding fundamental rights, and outlining the principles of governance. It is a set of rules and regulations guiding the administration of a country.

Structure of the Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution is one of the longest and most detailed written constitutions in the world. Various components of the structure of the Indian Constitution can be seen as follows:

• A “Part” of the Constitution refers to a division within the Constitution that groups together Articles on similar subjects or themes.
• The Indian Constitution is structured into various Parts, each dealing with a specific aspect of the country’s legal, administrative, or governmental framework.
• Originally, there were 22 parts in the Constitution of India. As of now, there are 25 parts of the Indian Constitution.
• An “Article” refers to a specific provision or clause within the Constitution that details various aspects of the country’s legal and governmental framework.
• Each part of the constitution contains several articles numbered sequentially.
• Originally, there were 395 articles in the Constitution of India. As of now, the Indian Constitution contains 448 articles .
• A “Schedule” refers to a list or a table attached to the Constitution that details certain additional information or guidelines relevant to the constitutional provisions.
• They provide clarity and supplementary details, making the Constitution more comprehensive and functional.
• Originally, there were 8 schedules in the Constitution of India. As of now, there are 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution.

Enactment and Adoption of the Indian Constitution

• The Constitution of India was framed by a Constituent Assembly which was established in 1946. The President of the Constituent Assembly was Dr. Rajendra Prasad .
• On 29th August 1947, a resolution was moved in the Constituent Assembly for the appointment of a Drafting Committee to draft a permanent constitution of India. Accordingly, the Drafting Committee was appointed under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar .
• The Drafting Committee took a total of 166 days , which was spread over 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to prepare a draft constitution. The final draft of the Constitution was introduced in the Constituent Assembly on 4th November 1948 .
• After many deliberations and some modifications, the Draft Constitution was declared as passed by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949. This is known as the “ Date of Adoption ” of the Constitution of India.
• A few provisions of the Constitution came into force on 26th November 1949. However, the major part of the Constitution came into force on 26th January 1950, making India a sovereign republic. This date is known as the “ Date of Enactment ” of the Constitution of India.

Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

• Several factors that have contributed to its elephantine size include – the need to accommodate the vast diversity of the country, a single constitution for both the Center and States, the presence of legal experts and luminaries in the Constituent Assembly, etc.
• Drawn from Various Sources – The Constitution of India has borrowed most of its provisions from the Government of India Act of 1935 as well as from the constitutions of various other countries.
• The Constitution of India is neither rigid nor flexible, but a synthesis of both.
• Federal System with Unitary Bias – The Constitution of India establishes a federal system of government and contains all the usual features of a federation. However, it also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features.
• Parliamentary Form of Government – The Constitution of India has adopted the British Parliamentary System of Government. The parliamentary system is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive organs.
• While Parliament retains the ultimate authority to make laws , the judiciary serves as the guardian of the Constitution , ensuring that parliamentary actions adhere to constitutional norms and protect fundamental rights.
• An integrated judicial system means that a single system of courts, comprising of Supreme Court , High Courts, and Subordinate Courts, enforces both the central laws as well as the state laws.
• An independent judicial system means that the Indian judiciary operates autonomously, free from the influence of the executive and legislative branches of government.
• Fundamental Rights – The Indian Constitution guarantees 6 fundamental rights to all citizens, which promotes the idea of political democracy in the country. They operate as limitations on the tyranny of the executive and arbitrary laws of the legislature.
• The Directive Principles seek to establish a ‘Welfare State’ in India by promoting the ideal of social and economic democracy.
• These duties serve as a guide for citizens to contribute towards building a strong and harmonious nation.
• A Secular State – The Constitution of India does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. Instead, it mandates that the state treat all religions equally, refraining from favoring or discriminating against any particular religion.
• Every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age has a right to vote without any discrimination based on caste, race, religion, sex, literacy, wealth, and so on.
• Single Citizenship – Single citizenship is a constitutional principle in India whereby all citizens irrespective of the state in which they are born or reside enjoy the same political and civil rights of citizenship all over the country, and no discrimination is made between them.
• Independent Bodies – The Indian Constitution has established certain independent bodies which are envisaged as the bulwarks of the democratic system of Government in India.
• The rationale behind the incorporation of these provisions is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity, and security of the country, the democratic political system, and the Constitution .
• This decentralized system allows for effective governance by delegating authority to address regional and local issues, promoting participatory democracy and grassroots development.
• Co-operative Societies – The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 gave constitutional status and protection to co-operative societies.

Significance of the Constitution of India

• Rule of Law – The Constitution establishes the framework for governance based on the rule of law, ensuring that no individual, including government officials, is above the law.
• Protection of Rights – It guarantees fundamental rights to citizens, safeguarding their freedoms of speech, expression, religion, and more, while also providing mechanisms for legal redress if these rights are infringed upon.
• Structure of Government – The Constitution delineates the structure of government, defining the roles, powers, and limitations of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This separation of powers prevents the concentration of authority and promotes checks and balances.
• Democratic Principles – Through provisions like a universal adult franchise, the constitution upholds democratic principles by ensuring citizens’ participation in governance through free and fair elections.
• Stability and Continuity – The constitution provides stability and continuity in governance, serving as a framework for guiding successive governments and preventing abrupt changes in the political system.
• National Unity – It fosters national unity by recognizing and respecting the diversity of the populace while also promoting a sense of common citizenship and allegiance to the nation.
• Legal Framework – The constitution serves as the legal foundation upon which all laws and regulations are based, providing consistency and coherence in the legal system.
• Adaptability – While providing a stable framework, the constitution also allows for necessary amendments to accommodate changing societal needs and values, ensuring its relevance over time.

Sources of the Constitution of India

• Government of India Act of 1935 – Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency Provisions, and Administrative Details.
• British Constitution – Parliamentary System of Government, Rule of Law, Legislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges, and Bicameralism.
• US Constitution – Fundamental Rights, Independence of the Judiciary, Judicial Review, Impeachment of the President, Removal of Supreme Court and High Court Judges, and the Post of the Vice-President.
• Irish Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy, the Nomination of Members to Rajya Sabha, and Method of Election of the President.
• Canadian Constitution – Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Australian Constitution – Concurrent List, Freedom of Trade, Commerce & Intercourse, and a Joint Sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
• Weimar Constitution of Germany – Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency.
• Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia) – Fundamental duties and the ideal of Justice (Social, Economic, and Political) in the Preamble.
• French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
• South African Constitution – Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.
• Japanese Constitution – Procedure established by law.

Various Schedules of the Indian Constitution

Parts of the Constitution

Note – Part-VII (The States in Part B of the First Schedule), has been deleted by the 7th Constitutional Amendment of 1956.

In conclusion, the Indian Constitution stands as a testament to the nation’s democratic ideals and aspirations. Its meticulous crafting, rooted in historical struggles and visionary principles, continues to guide India’s journey towards a more just, inclusive, and prosperous society. The Indian Constitution stands as a testament to upholding its values, fostering unity amidst diversity, and safeguarding the rights and liberties of every citizen, thus ensuring a brighter future for generations to come.

Related Concepts

• Constitutionalism – Constitutionalism is a system where the Constitution is supreme and the institution’s structure and processes are governed by constitutional principles. It provides the template or framework within which the state has to carry out its operations. It also puts limitations on the government.
• Classification of the Constitution – Constitutions across the world have been classified into the following categories and sub-categories:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

When was the constitution of india adopted.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26th November 1949 .

Why the Constitution of India is called a bag of Borrowing?

The Constitution of India is called a “bag of borrowing” due to its extensive adaptation of principles and provisions from various global sources. It amalgamates elements from multiple constitutions, including the British, American, Irish, Canadian, and others, reflecting India’s diverse legal heritage and democratic ideals.

Who is known as the ‘Father of Indian Constitution’?

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is regarded as the “Father of the Indian Constitution” for his pivotal role as the chairman of the Drafting Committee and his significant contributions in shaping the provisions of the Indian Constitution.

When do we Celebrate the Constitution Day?

Constitution Day also famously known as ‘Samvidhan Divas’ , is celebrated in our country on 26th November every year to commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India.

What is the Philosophy of the Constitution of India?

The philosophy of the Constitution of India revolves around several key principles such as Sovereignty, Equality, Justice, Liberty, Fraternity, Dignity, Secularism, Federalism, Democratic Principles, etc.

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Constitution of India: List of All Articles (1-395) and Parts (1-22)

Last updated on April 6, 2024 by Alex Andrews George

The Constitution of India contains 395 articles in 22 parts. Additional articles and parts are inserted later through various amendments. There are also 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution .

Links are given against each Part to understand the purpose and background of each article of the Constitution of India.

Titles are mentioned for all articles from 1-395, separated under various parts and chapters. The preamble and Repealed articles or parts are specially mentioned.

Table of Contents

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, SOCIALIST, SECULAR, DEMOCRATIC, REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

PART I: THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY

1 Name and territory of the Union. 2 Admission or establishment of new States. 2A [Repealed.] 3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States. 4 Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and consequential matters.

PART II: CITIZENSHIP

5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. 6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan. 7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan. 8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India. 9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens. 10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship. 11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law.

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PART III : FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

General 12 Definition. 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. Right to Equality 14 Equality before law. 15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. 16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. 17 Abolition of Untouchability. 18 Abolition of titles. Right to Freedom 19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. 20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences. 21 Protection of life and personal liberty. 21A Right to education 22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. Right against Exploitation 23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour. 24 Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. Right to Freedom of Religion 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion. 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs. 27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion. 28 Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions. Cultural and Educational Rights 29 Protection of interests of minorities. 30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions. 31 [Repealed.] Saving of Certain Laws 31A Saving of Laws providing for the acquisition of estates, etc. 31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations. 31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles. 31D [Repealed.] Right to Constitutional Remedies 32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part. 32A [Repealed.] 33 Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in their application to Forces, etc. 34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area. 35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part.

PART IV: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

36 Definition. 37 Application of the principles contained in this Part. 38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of the welfare of the people. 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State. 39A Equal justice and free legal aid. 40 The organisation of village panchayats. 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases. 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief. 43 Living wage, etc., for workers. 43A Participation of workers in the management of industries. 43B Promotion of co-operative societies. 44 Uniform civil code for the citizens. 45 Provision for free and compulsory education for children. 46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections. 47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. 48 The organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry. 48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wildlife. 49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance. 50 Separation of judiciary from the executive. 51 Promotion of international peace and security.

PART IVA: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES

51A Fundamental duties.

PART V: THE UNION

Chapter i: the executive.

The President and Vice-President 52 The President of India . 53 The executive power of the Union. 54 Election of President. 55 Manner of election of President. 56 Term of office of President. 57 Eligibility for re-election. 58 Qualifications for election as President. 59 Conditions of the President’s office. 60 Oath or affirmation by the President. 61 Procedure for impeachment of the President. 62 Time of holding the election to fill the vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill the casual vacancy. 63 The Vice-President of India . 64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States. 65 The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of President. 66 Election of Vice-President. 67 Term of office of Vice-President. 68 Time of holding the election to fill the vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill the casual vacancy. 69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President. 70 Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies. 71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President. 72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. 73 The extent of executive power of the Union. Council of Ministers 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise the President. 75 Other provisions as to Ministers. The Attorney-General for India 76 Attorney-General for India. Conduct of Government Business 77 Conduct of business of the Government of India. 78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc.

CHAPTER II: PARLIAMENT

General 79 Constitution of Parliament. 80 Composition of the Council of States. 81 Composition of the House of the People. 82 Readjustment after each census. 83 Duration of Houses of Parliament. 84 Qualification for membership of Parliament. 85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution. 86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses. 87 Special address by the President. 88 Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses. Officers of Parliament 89 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States. 90 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman. 91 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. 92 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People . 94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 95 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. 96 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 98 Secretariat of Parliament. Conduct of Business 99 Oath or affirmation by members. 100 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. Disqualifications of Members 101 Vacation of seats. 102 Disqualifications for membership. 103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. 104 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified. Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members 105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof. 106 Salaries and allowances of members. Legislative Procedure 107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. 108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases. 109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. 110 Definition of “Money Bills”. 111 Assent to Bills. Procedure in Financial Matters 112 Annual financial statement. 113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates. 114 Appropriation Bills. 115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants. 116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. 117 Special provisions as to financial Bills. Procedure Generally 118 Rules of procedure. 119 Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business. 120 Language to be used in Parliament. 121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament. 122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament.

CHAPTER III: LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT

123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament .

CHAPTER IV: THE UNION JUDICIARY

124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court. 124A National Judicial Appointments Commission. (Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, however not repealed by the Parliament) 124B Functions of Commission. 124C Power of Parliament to make law. 125 Salaries, etc., of Judges. 126 Appointment of acting Chief Justice. 127 Appointment of ad hoc judges. 128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court. 129 Supreme Court to be a court of record. 130 Seat of Supreme Court. 131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 131A [Repealed.] 132 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases. 133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to Civil matters. 134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters. 134A Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court. 135 Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court. 136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court. 137 Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court. 138 Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. 139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs. 139A Transfer of certain cases. 140 Ancillary powers of Supreme Court. 141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts. 142 Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc. 143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court. 144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court. 144A [Repealed.] 145 Rules of Court, etc. 146 Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court. 147 Interpretation.

CHAPTER V: COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA

148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. 149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General. 150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States. 151 Audit reports.

PART VI: THE STATES

Chapter i: general.

152 Definition.

CHAPTER II: THE EXECUTIVE

The Governor 153 Governors of States. 154 Executive power of State. 155 Appointment of Governor. 156 Term of office of Governor. 157 Qualifications for appointment as Governor. 158 Conditions of Governor’s office 159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor. 160 Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies. 161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases. 162 Extent of executive power of State. Council of Ministers 163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor. 164 Other provisions as to Ministers. The Advocate-General for the State 165 Advocate-General for the State. Conduct of Government Business 166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State. 167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc.

CHAPTER III: THE STATE LEGISLATURE

General 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States. 169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States. 170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies. 171 Composition of the Legislative Councils. 172 Duration of State Legislatures. 173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature. 174 Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution. 175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses. 176 Special address by the Governor. 177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses. Officers of the State Legislature 178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. 179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker. 180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker. 181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council. 183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman. 184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman. 185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration. 186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman. 187 Secretariat of State Legislature. Conduct of Business 188 Oath or affirmation by members. 189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. Disqualifications of Members 190 Vacation of seats. 191 Disqualifications for membership. 192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members. 193 Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified. Powers, privileges and immunities of State Legislatures and their Members 194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof. 195 Salaries and allowances of members. Legislative Procedure 196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills. 197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills. 198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills. 199 Definition of “Money Bills”. 200 Assent to Bills. 201 Bills reserved for consideration. Procedure in Financial Matters 202 Annual financial statement. 203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates. 204 Appropriation Bills. 205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants. 206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants. 207 Special provisions as to financial Bills. Procedure Generally 208 Rules of procedure. 209 Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business. 210 Language to be used in the Legislature. 211 Restriction on discussion in the Legislature. 212 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature.

CHAPTER IV : LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR

213 Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Legislature.

CHAPTER V: THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES

214 High Courts for States. 215 High Courts to be courts of record. 216 Constitution of High Courts. 217 Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court. 218 Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to High Courts. 219 Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts. 220 Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge. 221 Salaries, etc., of Judges. 222 Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another. 223 Appointment of acting Chief Justice. 224 Appointment of additional and acting Judges. 224A Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts. 225 Jurisdiction of existing High Courts. 226 Power of High Courts to issue certain writs. 226A [Repealed..] 227 Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court. 228 Transfer of certain cases to High Court. 228A [Repealed.] 229 Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts. 230 Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories. 231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States.

CHAPTER VI : SUBORDINATE COURTS

233 Appointment of district judges. 233A Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by, certain district judges. 234 Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial service. 235 Control over subordinate courts. 236 Interpretation. 237 Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or classes of magistrates.

PART VII: THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE

238 [Repealed.]

PART VIII: THE UNION TERRITORIES

239 Administration of Union territories. 239A Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for certain Union territories. 239AA Special provisions with respect to Delhi. 239AB Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery. 239B Power of the administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of the Legislature. 240 Power of the President to make regulations for certain Union territories. 241 High Courts for Union territories. 242 [Repealed.]

PART IX: THE PANCHAYATS

243 Definitions. 243A Gram Sabha. 243B Constitution of Panchayats. 243C Composition of Panchayats. 243D Reservation of seats. 243E Duration of Panchayats, etc. 243F Disqualifications for membership. 243G Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. 243H Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats. 243-I Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position. 243J Audit of accounts of Panchayats. 243K Elections to the Panchayats. 243L Application to Union territories. 243M Part not to apply to certain areas. 243N Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats. 243-O Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

PART IXA: THE MUNICIPALITIES

243P Definitions. 243Q Constitution of Municipalities. 243R Composition of Municipalities. 243S Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. 243T Reservation of seats. 243U Duration of Municipalities, etc. 243V Disqualifications for membership. 243W Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. 243X. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities. 243 Finance Commission. 243Z Audit of accounts of Municipalities. 243ZA Elections to the Municipalities. 243ZB Application to Union territories. 243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas. 243ZD Committee for district planning. 243ZE Committee for Metropolitan planning. 243ZF Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities. 243ZG Bar to interference by Courts in electoral matters.

PART IXB: THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

243ZH Definitions 243ZI Incorporation of co-operative societies 243ZJ Number and term of members of the board and its office bearers. 243 ZK Election of members of board. 243ZL Supersession and suspension of the board and interim management. 243ZM Audit of accounts of co-operative societies. 243ZN Convening of general body meetings. 243ZO Right of a member to get information, 243ZP Returns. 243ZQ Offences and penalties. 243ZR Application to multi-state co-operative societies. 243ZS Application to Union Territories. 243ZT Continuance of existing laws.

PART X: THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS

244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas. 244A Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or both therefor.

PART XI: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES

Chapter i: legislative relations.

Distribution of Legislative Powers

245 Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. 246 Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States. 246A Special provision with respect to goods and services tax. 247 Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain additional courts. 248 Residuary powers of legislation. 249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State List in the national interest. 250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. 251 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States. 252 Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent and adoption of such legislation by any other State. 253 Legislation for giving effect to international agreements. 254 Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislatures of States. 255 Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be regarded as matters of procedure only.

CHAPTER II : ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS

256 Obligation of States and the Union. 257 Control of the Union over States in certain cases. 257A [Repealed.] 258 Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases. 258A Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union. 259 [Repealed.] 260 Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India. 261 Public acts, records and judicial proceedings. Disputes relating to Waters 262 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valleys. Co-ordination between States 263 Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council.

PART XII: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS

Chapter i: finance.

General 264 Interpretation. 265 Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law. 266 Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States. 267 Contingency Fund. Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States 268 Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the State. 268A [Repealed.] 269 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States. 269A Levy and collection of goods and services tax in the course of inter-state trade or commerce. 270 Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States. 271 Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union. 272 [Repealed.] 273 Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products. 274 Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting taxation in which States are interested. 275 Grants from the Union to certain States. 276 Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments. 277 Savings. 278 [Repealed.] 279 Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc. 279A Goods and Services Tax Council. 280 Finance Commission. 281 Recommendations of the Finance Commission. Miscellaneous financial provisions 282 Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues. 283 Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys credited to the public accounts. 284 Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public servants and courts. 285 Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation. 286 Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods. 287 Exemption from taxes on electricity. 288 Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity in certain cases. 289 Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation. 290 Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions. 290A Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds. 291 [Repealed.]

CHAPTER II: BORROWING

292 Borrowing by the Government of India. 293 Borrowing by States.

CHAPTER III: PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS, LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS

294 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in certain cases. 295 Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in other cases. 296 Property accruing by escheat or laps or as bona vacantia. 297 Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union. 298 Power to carry on trade, etc. 299 Contracts. 300 Suits and proceedings.

CHAPTER IV: RIGHT TO PROPERTY

300A Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.

Also read: Default Bail

PART XIII: TRADE, COMMERCE, AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA

301 Freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse. 302 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse. 303 Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States with regard to trade and commerce. 304 Restrictions on trade, commerce, and intercourse among States. 305 Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies. 306 [Repealed.] 307 Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of articles 301 to 304.

PART XIV: SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES

Chapter i: services.

308 Interpretation. 309 Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State. 310 Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State. 311 Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State. 312 All-India services. 312A Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services. 313 Transitional provisions. 314 [Repeated.]

CHAPTER II: PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS

315 Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States. 316 Appointment and term of office of members. 317 Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission. 318 Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the Commission. 319 Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members. 320 Functions of Public Service Commissions. 321 Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions. 322 Expenses of Public Service Commissions. 323 Reports of Public Service Commissions.

PART XIVA: TRIBUNALS

323A Administrative tribunals. 323B Tribunals for other matters.

PART XV: ELECTIONS

324 Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission. 325 No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex. 326 Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage. 327 Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to Legislatures. 328 Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to elections to such Legislature. 329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters. 329A [Repealed.]

PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES

330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People. 331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People. 332 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. 333 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative Assemblies of the States. 334 Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years. 335 Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts. 336 Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services. 337 Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of the Anglo-Indian Community. 338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes. 338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. 338A National Commission for Backward Classes. 339 Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes. 340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes. 341 Scheduled Castes. 342 Scheduled Tribes. 342A Socially and educationally backward classes.

PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE

Chapter i: language of the union.

343 Official language of the Union. 344 Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language.

CHAPTER II: REGIONAL LANGUAGES

345 Official language or languages of a State. 346 Official language for communication between one State and another or between a State and the Union. 347 Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the population of a State.

CHAPTER III: LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.

348 Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc. 349 Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language.

CHAPTER IV: SPECIAL DIRECTIVES

350 Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances. 350A Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at the primary stage. 350B Special Officer for linguistic minorities. 351 Directive for development of the Hindi language.

PART XVIII: EMERGENCY PROVISIONS

352 Proclamation of Emergency. 353 Effect of Proclamation of Emergency. 354 Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation. 355 Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and internal disturbance. 356 Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States. 357 Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356. 358 Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies. 359 Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III during emergencies. 359A [Repealed.] 360 Provisions as to financial emergency.

PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS

361 Protection of President and Governors and Rajprakukhs. 361A Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures. 361B Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post. 362 [Repealed.] 363 Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties, agreements, etc. 363A Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be abolished. 364 Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes. 365 Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given by the Union. 366 Definitions. 367 Interpretation.

PART XX: AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION

368 Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor.

Also read: Bail: Laws in India

PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS

369 Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List. 370 Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir. 371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat. 371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland. 371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam. 371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur. 371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh. 371E Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh. 371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim. 371G Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram. 371H Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh. 371-I Special provision with respect to the State of Goa. 371J Special provision with respect to the State of Karnataka. 372 Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation. 372A Power of the President to adapt laws. 373 Power of President to make order in respect of persons under preventive detention in certain cases. 374 Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council. 375 Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the provisions of the Constitution. 376 Provisions as to Judges of High Courts. 377 Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. 378 Provisions as to Public Service Commissions. 378A Special provision as to the duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. 379-391 [Repealed.] 392 Power of the President to remove difficulties.

PART XXII: SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS

393 Short title. 394 Commencement. 394A Authoritative text in the Hindi language. 395 Repeals.

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Great work sir i should thank you

August 11, 2017 at 9:53 pm

Superb work

August 22, 2017 at 11:36 am

Sir,what is article? How many actual article? How many part? Pls reply me.

September 14, 2017 at 10:25 pm

Pm doesn’t know it.what it may be happened to know be me.

September 24, 2017 at 6:06 pm

Very good marerial for all exam.

November 8, 2017 at 10:33 am

Very comprehensive. Thanks.

December 30, 2017 at 9:14 pm

Hindi available h

February 24, 2018 at 11:05 pm

March 27, 2018 at 7:26 am

Sir really very thanks , it is so useful to us, thank you very much

April 29, 2018 at 2:06 pm

Sir plzz tell me all articles

June 3, 2018 at 8:33 pm

thank you for the most valuable information of our constitution in clear detail every citizen needs this thanks a lot sir.

June 4, 2018 at 12:10 pm

in which article Police are search any suspect person and his home….? without any notice they searches our home and after that 1day more in civil dress a police man harassed a person why…? continue 5days running a suspect person who is not guilty, he is seated in police station ( Assam, guwahati, jalukbari Police station) the name of that innocent person is Bapan seal from Lumding. please give justice plzzz help him

July 25, 2019 at 8:45 pm

I also want to know the answer right question

July 20, 2018 at 3:20 pm

Sir, is this sufficient for prelims

July 29, 2018 at 7:44 pm

Very vry usfull …tnq vry much

August 1, 2018 at 4:48 pm

this was very useful for me. thanks

August 9, 2018 at 8:17 pm

Thanks a lot Team

August 25, 2018 at 10:05 pm

This article is very useful. But I need this article in Tamil language

September 22, 2018 at 1:49 pm

Thanku sir , it help me alot

October 18, 2018 at 8:52 pm

Thank you,it is very helpful me,can u post in telugu language.i need it.help me.

Regards Raghu pasunuri [email protected]

November 26, 2018 at 10:06 am

Dear sir, this artical is very useful but i need artical in marathi.

January 10, 2019 at 10:28 am

Download option please

January 26, 2019 at 3:39 pm

When I saw and studied these Indian constitutional articles, understood that we are unknown about it but right now known. I really appreciate who wrote this essay

February 15, 2019 at 11:08 am

I am unable to download it as a pdf.Please provide the link.

March 7, 2019 at 9:14 pm

Constitution is the most powerful authority of India.so we are use it good way and we do consist under held by indians.thanksful for giving to great authority of Indian people by Dr.Ambethkar…..father of Indian constitution….

March 8, 2019 at 2:29 pm

Great, very helpfull ,and thanku so much ……

April 27, 2019 at 12:53 am

Please send another article

May 7, 2019 at 7:30 pm

sir, this is really very helpful for me in my 11 standard thank you sir

May 7, 2019 at 7:32 pm

Thanks sir for a wonderful explaination

May 30, 2019 at 11:30 am

Hi, Nice Article, keep up the good work

June 11, 2019 at 6:05 pm

helpful material

June 19, 2019 at 3:22 pm

This. Is super helpful.💪🙏☝️

June 23, 2019 at 8:45 pm

Really think this is our Indian law

August 6, 2019 at 5:46 pm

Really good thanks

September 5, 2019 at 4:51 pm

Myself dhanalakshmi, from tamilnadu im preparing for SI exam(sub inspector of police) can you pls guide the important articles for SI exam.

September 19, 2019 at 12:18 am

Thank u its really helpful

September 30, 2019 at 11:41 pm

Yaa sir its vry effective me n fr all as well..

Really hv a great thanks fr u n ur all works…..

October 28, 2019 at 11:52 am

Wow! Never seen such an important compilation of the Indian constitution. Really helpful. Great Work!

November 2, 2019 at 8:07 am

Wow such a big way to knw about our constitution n it’s all activities ….n it’s mst be helpful for me n all as well…..Thank you…

November 11, 2019 at 9:47 pm

Thank u very much. It is really helpfull..

January 7, 2020 at 12:10 pm

Sir, the preamble given here states ‘secular’ word and it states that it was accepted on 26 November 1949. As a matter of fact, the word ‘secular’ was added to Indian Constitution in 1976. And the preamble accepted on 26 November 1949 does not have secularism as it’s part.

January 30, 2020 at 3:05 pm

Thank you so much sir

February 17, 2020 at 7:36 pm

Very very thank you because it comes in atudy

February 24, 2020 at 4:30 pm

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• IAS Preparation
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• Constitution Of India An Overview

Constitution of India – Indian Polity Notes

To prepare for Indian Polity for any competitive exam, aspirants have to know about the basics of Constitution of India. It gives an idea on all the topics important for IAS Exam and the polity syllabus (GS-II.) Constitution of India, the Preamble and related topics are extremely important for the UPSC exam. This is an essential portion of polity. As IAS aspirants, you should be thorough with the constitution of India.

This article will provide you with relevant details about the Constitution of India. You can also download the notes PDF. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It has the unique distinction of being the world’s longest written constitution. For an IAS aspirant, the Constitution of India is an extremely important document both because polity is a major component of the UPSC syllabus and that as future civil servants, he or she will have to work within the confines of the Constitution of India.

What is Constitution of India? – Introduction to the Constitution of India

The Indian Constitution is unique in both spirit and content. Notwithstanding the fact that several features of the constitution have been borrowed from other constitutions from all around the world, it is really a unique piece of work. The original constitution have been considerably changed by the various amendments that have been brought forth such as the 7th, 42nd, 44th, 73rd and 74th Amendments.

Important Amendments of the Constitution of India

The Indian Constitution is not a rigid constitution. It can be amended by the Parliament following a few rules. There have been made many changes in the Constitution of India. Some of the important amendments of the Indian Constitution are:

• 42nd Amendment
• 44th Amendment

The 42nd Amendment is also known as the “Mini Constitution” because it made several sweeping changes to the constitution. This was during the Emergency in 1976. In 1973, the Supreme Court had ruled in the Kesavananda Bharati case that the constituent power of the Parliament under Article 368 does not empower it to alter the basic structure of the constitution.

Constitution of India – Preamble

The first constitution to start with a preamble was the American Constitution. The Indian constitution also starts with one. The Preamble is basically the introduction or preface to the constitution. It sums up the essence of the constitution. N A Palkhivala, a constitutional expert, referred to the Preamble as the ‘Identity card of the Constitution’.

The Preamble is based on Pandit Nehru’s Objective Resolution that he moved and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly . The Preamble has been amended in 1976 by the 42nd Amendment which added words ‘socialist’, ‘secular’ and ‘integrity’ to it.

Ingredients of the Preamble

The Preamble gives 4 components:

• Source of authority of the Constitution: it mentions that the constitution derives its power from the people of India.
• Nature of the Indian State: it says India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic and republican State.
• Objectives of the Constitution: it gives the objectives as – justice, liberty, equality and fraternity.
• Constitution date of adoption: 26th November 1949

Why Constitution of India is called Bag of Borrowing?

The constitution has many borrowed features. The country’s founding fathers were wise enough to borrow good features from different nations and mould a constitution that best suits India. The influences from other constitutions are listed below.

To read about the Sources of Indian Constitution , you may follow the linked article.

Features of Indian Constitution

The chief features of the Indian Constitution are described below:

Federal System with Unitary Bias

The constitution establishes a federal government system in India. All the expected features of a federal state such as two government levels, division of power, supremacy and rigidity of the constitution, written constitution and bicameralism are present. But, the constitution also contains many features of a unitary form of government such as single citizenship, strong centre, single constitution, flexibility of constitution, all-India services, integrated judiciary, appointment of state governor by the Centre, emergency provisions, and so on. In addition, the term ‘federation’ is not mentioned in the constitution. Article 1 says India is a ‘Union of States’, implying –

• The Indian federation is not the result of an agreement by the states.
• States do not have the right to secede from the federation.

Parliamentary Form of Government

The parliamentary form, borrowed from the British system, is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive. This form of government is alternatively known as the Westminster model of government. It is also called responsible government and cabinet government. According to the constitution, not only the centre, the parliamentary form is followed even in the states.

In India, the features of the parliamentary form of government are as follows:

• Nominal and real executives
• Rule of the majority party
• Collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature
• Membership of the ministers in the legislature
• Leadership of the prime minister or the chief minister
• Dissolution of the lower House

There are some basic differences between the Indian and the British models, even though both follow the parliamentary form of government. The Indian parliament is not a sovereign body; the British Parliament is. Also, the Indian State has an elected head (since it is a republic) while the British head is hereditary (since Britain is a constitutional monarchy).

Parliament: Structural and Functional Dimensions

• According to Article 79, there is a Parliament and 2 Houses or chambers – the House of the People ( Lok Sabha ) and the Council of States ( Rajya Sabha ).
• The President is the head of the executive and also a constituent part of the legislature. He performs many functions with regard to the Parliament.
• However, the president cannot sit in or take part in the discussions in the houses.
• The president summons and prorogues the houses whenever required.
• He is also a vital part of the process of legislation in India as he has to give his assent to every bill passed before it can become a law.
• He has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha.
• At the start of the first session after each general election to the Lok Sabha and at the commencement of the first session each year, the President addresses both the chambers which is known as the special address.
• Article 123 also gives the president the power to promulgate ordinances. (Read about President in the linked article.)

Constitution of India – UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

Introduction to the Constitution of India will help UPSC aspirants to draw key facts for polity answers in Mains GS-II paper. Also, essay on Constitution of India is not directly asked in the paper, however, certain relevant facts about the Indian Constitution can be used in other essays related to polity.

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Multiple Choice Question

Consider the following statements

• There are 12 Schedules in the Constitution of India. One of the first mentions of Schedules was made in the Government of India Act, 1935 where it included 10 Schedules. Later, when Indian Constitution was adopted in 1949, it consisted of 8 Schedules. Today, with the amendments in Indian Constitution, there are a total of 12 Schedules.
• Tenth Schedule contains provisions relating to disqualification of the members of Parliament and State Legislatures on the ground of defection. This schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.
• Preamble is neither enforceable nor justifiable in a court of law. This implies that courts cannot pass orders against the government in India to implement the ideas in the Preamble. Preamble can be amended and it has been amended only once through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act 1976.
• An amendment of the Constitution can be initiated only by the introduction of a bill for the purpose in either House of Parliament (Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha) and not in the state legislatures.The bill can be introduced either by a minister or by a private member and does not require prior permission of the president.

Choose the correct answer from the below-given options

A) None of the above statements are correct

B) Only statements 1 and 4 are correct

C) Only statements 1 and 3 are correct

D) All the above statements are correct.

• According to Article 79, there is a Parliament and 2 Houses or chambers – the House of the People (Lok Sabha) and the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).
• Nature and functions of the Supreme Court are borrowed from the US Constitution.
• Directive Principles of State Policy are borrowed from the Irish Constitution.
• Election of the members of the Rajya Sabha on the basis of proportional representation by the State Legislatures is borrowed from the South African Constitution.

Choose the correct answer from the below given options

A)All the above given statements are true.

B)All the above given statements are false.

C)Only option (4) is true.

B)Only option (1) is false.

Answer: Option (a) – All the above statements are true.

Frequently Asked Questions on Constitution of India

Q 1. who is known as the father of indian constitution, q 2. how many laws are there in the indian constitution.

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• Speech on Constitution of India

Speech on Constitution of India for Students

The primary contribution of the national movement was its tangible political practice. The concepts of parliamentary democracy, republicanism, civil freedoms, social and economic fairness, which were among the fundamental ideas of the constitution, were popularised as a result of this. To preserve peace and justice, each nation has certain sets of rules for its people to obey. These rules describe that country, and together they form that nation's constitution. The right to equality, the right to citizenship, the right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, the right against exploitation, and the right to constitutional redress are the basic rights of Indian people.

Long Speech on Constitution  

Today, I am here to deliver a speech on the constitution of India. Like any game with some rules of its own, each state has a constitution of its own. The Constitution lays down a set of rules to which the ordinary laws of the country must conform. It also includes a list of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. The process of the evolution of the constitution began many decades before 26 January, 1950, and has continued unabated since. Its roots may be traced back to the princely states' struggle for independence from Britain and efforts for responsible and constitutional administration.

Dr. BR Abmedkar Introduced the Draft Constitution

The constitution has also tried to minimize conflict between the Union and the states by clearly specifying the legislative powers of each. It contains three lists of subjects. 

The framers of the Indian constitution had borrowed freely and unabashedly from other constitutions, the wisdom of the US constitution, and its Supreme Court, the innovations of the Irish constitution, the British Parliament's time-tested norms, the administrative minutiae of the Government of India Act, 1935, and much more, including the substance of their own people's battle for independence — all went into the design and content of the Indian Constitution. The institutions created by it for fashioning a democratic structure have survived and evolved to meet the changing needs.

Features of Indian Constitution 

Adult Suffrage- Congress had demanded adult suffrage since the 1920s. The overwhelming consensus was in favour of direct elections by Adult Suffrage. The beauty of adult suffrage is that it forces the most elitist of candidates to seek the favour of the vote of the humblest voter.

Preamble- The Preamble contains the constitution's fundamental idea and driving spirit. According to the Preamble, the people of India made a solemn resolution in the Constituent Assembly to secure to all citizens "social, economic, and political justice; liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship; equality of status and opportunity; and to promote among them all, fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the nation.”

In the Indian constitution, the first kind is included under Fundamental Rights and the second under Directive Principles (54,55).

A Secular State- India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic, according to the constitution.

India's constitution became effective on January 26th, 1950, although it was adopted on November 26th, 1949, by the Constituent Assembly. A drafting committee led by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar wrote it. It is the longest written constitution that describes the strength, processes, and responsibilities of India's government institutions and provides a comprehensive account of the people of our country's fundamental rights and responsibilities.

It was originally handwritten, calligraphed, and also the longest Constitution in the world. India's Constitution is the supreme law drawn up by the Constituent Assembly of India, superior also to the Parliament since it does not circumvent it. India's status from "Dominion of India" was changed to the "Republic of India" with the Constitution coming into effect.

The basic rights and duties of people, the Directive Principles of State Policy, and the Federal Framework of the Government of India are included in the Constitution of India. In the Indian Constitution, every policy, right, and obligation have been clarified at length, making it the world's longest written constitution.

To get it approved, more than 2000 amendments had to be made to the Constitution of India. January 26th, 1950 was the day when the Republic of India began to be recognized as our land. Since then, January 26th has been celebrated as Republic Day. At different locations around the world, the Indian National Flag is hoisted and the National Anthem is sung to rejoice in the day. In 2015, National Constitution Day, a special day, particularly dedicated to the Indian Constitution, came into being.

Short Speech on Constitution  

Today, I am here to deliver a speech on the constitution of India. The constitution has provided a framework for the protection of the Fundamental Rights of freedom of speech and expression, including the freedom of the press, freedom of association, including the ability to join political parties of one's choosing, and create labour unions, among other things. Citizens' rights have been protected by courts.

A constitution can only be as good as the people who work it, as Rajendra Prasad noted at the time of its drafting. The constitution may well be a much-needed anchor of support in the turbulent times that may await us in the new millennium.

The decision to have written rights, a list of rights, a declaration of rights in the constitution marked a sharp break with British constitutional tradition and practice because of their colonial experience.

When read collectively, the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, and Directive Principles make it obvious that the constitution aspired to create the circumstances for the development of an equal society with safe individual liberties.

10 lines about Indian Constitution  

Our Constitution was influenced by a number of previous constitutions.

It is the world's longest constitution.

Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar is the father of the Indian Constitution.

The Constitution's basic structure is based on the Government of India Act, 1935.

The Constituent Assembly met for the first time on December 5, 1946.

Writing the constitution took nearly three years.

The Constitution was Legally Enforced on January 26, 1950.

The National Emblem of India was adopted on January 8, 1950.

The Constitution was written in Hindi and English at the outset.

Each page of the constitution was specifically designed by an artist.

FAQs on Speech on Constitution of India

1. According to the constitution, what is the role of the President?

The executive power is vested by the constitution in the President of India, but in the words of Ambedkar, he is a constitutional head who ‘occupies the same position as the King under the English Constitution. He is the head of the State but not of the Executive.

2. According to the constitution, what is the role of the Vice President?

If the President dies in office or is unable to perform his duties because of absence, the Vice-President is enjoined upon by Article 65 to act as the President. The Vice-President, who is elected for five years by both houses of parliament, is to act as the chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.

3. According to the constitution, what is the role of the Prime Minister?

The real executive power vests under the constitution in the council of ministers headed by the prime minister. The President appoints as prime minister the leader of the party that has a majority. Other ministers are selected by the prime minister and appointed by the President.

4. What is the role of Parliament?

The Indian parliament has two houses the upper house called the Rajya Sabha or the Council of States, and the lower house called the Lok Sabha or the House of the People.

5. According to the constitution, what is the legal age to vote in India?

Constitutional law states that all Indians above the age of 18 can vote.

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Indian Polity

Make Your Note

Preamble to the Indian Constitution

• 27 Jul 2020
• 10 min read
• GS Paper - 2
• Indian Constitution
• Constitutional Amendments

What is a Preamble?

• A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the document’s philosophy and objectives.
• In a Constitution, it presents the intention of its framers, the history behind its creation, and the core values and principles of the nation.
• Source of the Constitution
• Nature of Indian State
• Statement of its objectives
• Date of its adoption

History of the Preamble to Indian Constitution

• The ideals behind the Preamble to India’s Constitution were laid down by Jawaharlal Nehru’s Objectives Resolution, adopted by the Constituent Assembly on January 22, 1947.
• Although not enforceable in court, the Preamble states the objectives of the Constitution, and acts as an aid during the interpretation of Articles when language is found ambiguous.

Components of Preamble

• It is indicated by the Preamble that the source of authority of the Constitution lies with the people of India.
• Preamble declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic.
• The objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure justice, liberty, equality to all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain unity and integrity of the nation.
• The date is mentioned in the preamble when it was adopted i.e. November 26, 1949.

Key words in the Preamble

• We, the people of India: It indicates the ultimate sovereignty of the people of India. Sovereignty means the independent authority of the State, not being subject to the control of any other State or external power.
• Sovereign: The term means that India has its own independent authority and it is not a dominion of any other external power. In the country, the legislature has the power to make laws which are subject to certain limitations.
• It was added in the Preamble by 42 nd Amendment, 1976.
• It was incorporated in the Preamble by 42 nd Constitutional Amendment, 1976.
• Democratic: The term implies that the Constitution of India has an established form of Constitution which gets its authority from the will of the people expressed in an election.
• Republic: The term indicates that the head of the state is elected by the people. In India, the President of India is the elected head of the state.

Objectives of the Indian Constitution

• The main objective of the Indian Constitution is to promote harmony throughout the nation.
• Social Justice – Social justice means that the Constitution wants to create a society without discrimination on any grounds like caste, creed, gender, religion, etc.
• Economic Justice – Economic Justice means no discrimination can be caused by people on the basis of their wealth, income, and economic status. Every person must be paid equally for an equal position and all people must get opportunities to earn for their living.
• Political Justice – Political Justice means all the people have an equal, free and fair right without any discrimination to participate in political opportunities.
• Equality: The term ‘Equality’ means no section of society has any special privileges and all the people have given equal opportunities for everything without any discriminations. Everyone is equal before the law.
• Liberty: The term ‘Liberty’ means freedom for the people to choose their way of life, have political views and behavior in society. Liberty does not mean freedom to do anything, a person can do anything but in the limit set by the law.
• Fraternity: The term ‘Fraternity’ means a feeling of brotherhood and an emotional attachment with the country and all the people. Fraternity helps to promote dignity and unity in the nation.
• Liberty cannot be divorced from equality, equality cannot be divorced from liberty. Nor can liberty and equality be divorced from fraternity.
• Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many.
• Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative.
• Without fraternity, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many.
• Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things.

Status of Preamble

• Berubari Case: It was used as a reference under Article 143(1) of the Constitution which was on the implementation of the Indo-Pakistan Agreement related to the Berubari Union and in exchanging the enclaves which were decided for consideration by the bench consisting of eight judges.
• Through the Berubari case , the Court stated that ‘Preamble is the key to open the mind of the makers’ but it can not be considered as part of the Constitution. Therefore it is not enforceable in a court of law.
• The Preamble of the Constitution will now be considered as part of the Constitution.
• The Preamble is not the supreme power or source of any restriction or prohibition but it plays an important role in the interpretation of statutes and provisions of the Constitution.
• So, it can be concluded that preamble is part of the introductory part of the Constitution.
• In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of India also, the Supreme Court has once again held that Preamble is the integral part of the Constitution but is not directly enforceable in a court of justice in India.

Amendment of the Preamble

• As a part of the Constitution, preamble can be amended under Article 368 of the Constitution, but the basic structure of the preamble can not be amended.
• As of now, the preamble is only amended once through the 42 nd Amendment Act, 1976.
• ‘Socialist’ and ‘Secular’ were added between ‘Sovereign’ and ‘Democratic’.
• ‘Unity of the Nation’ was changed to ‘Unity and Integrity of the Nation’.
• Article 394 of the Constitution states that Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 367, 379 and 394 came into force since the adoption of the Constitution on 26th November 1949 and the rest of the provisions on 26 th January 1950.
• The concept of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in our Preamble was adopted from the French Motto of the French Revolution.

Legal Insights

Preamble to the Constitution of India

• The Constitution of India

All of know about our rights and fundamental rights. But who gives us these rights? It is The Indian Constitution. When was our it formed? Where is it located? How was it formed? Why was it formed? Let’s find out more about The Indian Constitution.

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Introduction

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It frames fundamental political principles, procedures, practices, rights , powers, and duties of the government. It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy, as it is not created by the Parliament but, by a constituent assembly, and adopted by its people, with a declaration in its preamble.   Parliament cannot override it.

The world’s longest constitution is the Indian’s constitution. At its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It consists of approximately 145,000 words, making it the second largest active constitution in the world. Currently, it has a preamble, 25 parts with 12 schedules, 5 appendices, 448 articles, and 101 amendments.

Browse more Topics under The Indian Constitution

• Rights and Fundamental Rights

Learn more about Fundamental Rights here in detail .

The constitution of India was adopted on the 26th of November, in the year 1949. However, it came to effect on the 26th of January, 1950. 26th of January is celebrated as the Republic Day of India .

It was adopted by the Constitution Assembly. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar,  the chairman of the Drafting Committee, is widely considered to be the architect of the Constitution of India. After, the adoption of the constitution, The Union of India became the contemporary and modern Republic of India

Fundamental Rights

The Constitution of India provides its citizens with six fundamental rights. These rights are the Right to Freedom , Right to Equality, Cultural and Educational Rights, Right to Constitutional Remedies, Right against Exploitation, Right against Exploitation. Recently, the Right to Privacy has also been added to fundamental rights .

How does State Government work?

Questions For You

Q1. The Government of the Union of India is parliamentary in character One of the characteristics of a parliamentary system of Government is:

• The Ministry is collectively responsible to both House of Parliament
• Ministry is responsible to the Head State of the Parliament
• The Ministry is not responsible to the Parliament
• The Ministry is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha

Sol: d. The Council of Ministers are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha and can remain in office so long as they enjoy the majority support in the House of the People. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no confidence against the Council of Ministers they have to resign collectively.

Q2. The Constitution of India came into force with effect from:

• August 9, 1942
• November 26, 1949
• August 15, 1947
• January 26, 1950

Sol: d. Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act in 1935 as the governing document of India. The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country’s transition towards becoming an independent republic.

26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence known as Purna Swaraj was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime.

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The Indian Constitution

21 responses to “the constitution of india”.

One thing I cannot understand : How Article 372 (2) can be used now after the lapsed of 66 years expiry date as clause (3).

i understood very well

Where is freedom to religion. Did u leave, as instruction from sanghis

wich is the first longest active constitution ?

constitution of Alabama

Good ques ..✌🏻✌🏻 Actually i also wanna know..?? 😅😅

The Indian constitution

I like this post

superb information the constitution of india

i have a question pls help me – indian constitution was made in ______ years ,_______ months and ______ days ? help me .

2 years 9 months 11 days

2 year 11 months 18 days

2 year, 11 month ,18 days

good any body can understand well

Indian constitution consists of ?

Bibliography for this is..

nice information

what is costintution

very informative information of bharat ka savidhan

DR.AMBEDKAR SUCH A GREATE LEADAR I SALUTE FOR AMBEDKAR & INDIAS CONSTIUTION

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Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution provided special rights to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It gave most of the power to the government of this state. Centre was left with limited power over J&K.

Article 370 has recently been scrapped making it a historic event which is expected to change the face of the state for good. This move has received mixed reactions from political parties and general public though it has largely been appreciated.

Long and Short Essay on Article 370 of Indian Constitution in English

Here are long and short essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution of varying lengths to help you with the topic in your exams. These Article 370 essay are written in simple English language to easily convey the information, yet it does so effectively. These Article 370 essays will let you have a deeper understanding of article 370, its removal and repercussions.

After going through the following essays you will know about Article 370 and its provisions; history of Article 370; advantages and disadvantages of Article 370; how was it revoked; what will be the consequences of scrapping Article 370; what bills were passed for its revokal, etc.

Short Essay on Article 370 – (200 Words)

Article 370 that came into effect in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in the year 1949 was supposed to be a temporary provision; however, it continued for decades even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the county demanded its revocation from time to time.

The article exempted J&K from the Indian Constitution. The state attained the right to make its own laws related to any matter except foreign affairs, communications and defence.

The state government thus went on to draft a separate constitution. It also came up with a separate flag. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution were not applicable in J&K. It had its own set of rights and duties.

The condition of the state hasn’t been very good ever since the enforcement of Article 370. Life of people in the Kashmir region has especially been miserable. The place is prone to terrorist attacks.

Article 370 has been seen as a hindrance in the development of the state. It is also known to be a cause of growing corruption and terrorism in the state.

As per the constitutional order passed by Indian President Ram Nath Kovind on 5 th August 2019, Article 370 stands ineffective. The decision has been taken to improve the condition of J&K and its citizens.

Essay on Article 370: Enforcement – (300 Words)

Introduction

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution was drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions. However, soon after it came to be known as a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution. It has remained in effect in J&K for decades.

The Origin of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Article 370 was drafted by Sheikh Abdullah in the year 1947. Abdullah had been appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir by Pundit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir.

Abdullah wanted complete autonomy for J&K and demanded that Article 370 must not remain a temporary provision. However, the Centre deemed this demand unreasonable and did not approve of it.

Special Status Given to Jammu and Kashmir

As Article 370 came into being, the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir gained special power wherein it got the right to recommend the articles of the constitution that should be enforced on the state. It even got the power to annul Article 370 altogether.

Article 35 A and Article 370 together stated that a different set of laws apply for the residents of the state of J&K. The Indian Parliament could only exercise laws related to finance, defence, communications and foreign affairs in the state.

It required the approval of state government for applying all the other laws. The residents of J&K enjoyed completely different laws when it came to ownership of property, laws related to citizenship and fundamental rights.

As per the laws enforced by the state, the Indian citizens from other parts of the country were denied the right to purchase property in Jammu and Kashmir.

The residents of J&K fear that the scrapping of Article 370 may hamper their local business and thus be a threat to their livelihood. Adapting to the changes that are likely to follow this big decision also seems to be a cause of concern for the residents of J&K. Their concerns are genuine. We hope the condition of the place improves henceforth.

Essay on Article 370: Advantages and Disadvantages – (400 words)

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that gave special power to the state of Jammu and Kashmir was annulled on 5 th August 2019. The decision taken by the Centre has been appreciated by several political parties, leaders, celebrities and majority of general public. However, many others have criticized it outright. Article 370 had few advantages and several disadvantages.

Advantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the advantages of Article 370:

1) Article 370 is advantageous for the citizens of J&K. The state gives priority to the interest of its local citizens. There is less competition in the state and greater opportunities for its citizens.

2) J&K boasts of its local handicraft items. The government of this state has kept its culture and local businesses alive. It has always encouraged local businesses over foreign brands.

This is the reason why several local brands are running in the state. This means more work, greater growth opportunities and good income for the locals.

Disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the disadvantages of Article 370:

1) The state of J&K hasn’t developed as much as the other parts of the country. This is particularly true when we look at the medical facilities here. The condition of the hospitals and healthcare centres in the state are not that good.

2) The law and order in J&K is weak because the centre is not allowed to intervene. This has given rise to terrorism in the state. Terrorism is a major concern here and nothing much is being done to fight it.

3) Corruption in the state is high due to its alienation from the centre. There is no check on the government of J&K. It makes its own laws and works as per its convenience.

4) Article 370 prevented the implementation of Right to Education in the state. This is why students were forced to move to other states.

5) Outsiders cannot establish business in J&K. Professionals and industrialists are not allowed to settle here. This is a major hindrance in the growth and development of the state.

6) This provision is anti- women in nature. It has led to extreme gender bias in the state.

The disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution clearly outweigh its advantages. The atmosphere of tension in the state is a clear evidence of the same. Scrapping of Article 370 seems like a ray of hope for the state that has been gripped by terrorism since long. We hope it sees better times ahead.

Long Essay on Article 370 – (500 words)

Article 370 is a temporary provision in the Constitution of India. It provides special autonomous status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The provisions of the Indian Constitution that are applicable to other states of India are not applicable to J&K.

The article was adopted in November 1956 and was enforced in the state in January 1957 by Sheikh Abdullah.

Special Provisions in Jammu and Kashmir as per Article 370

Some special provisions were made in Jammu and Kashmir as Article 370 came into force in the state. These include:

• J&K acquired different national flag.
• Insulting the national flag and national symbols is considered a crime in India. It is a punishable offence. But this rule did not apply in J&K.
• The highest court orders in India did not apply in J&K.
• Jammu and Kashmir citizens enjoyed dual citizenship.
• Women in Kashmir had to abide by the Sharia law.
• The tenure of the Assembly of J&K was 6 years unlike other Indian states in which the Assembly tenure is 5 years.
• RTI, RTE and CAG were not applicable in Kashmir.
• The J&K citizenship of a woman who married a person from another Indian state ended. On the other hand, if a woman from the state married someone from Pakistan, he acquired J&K citizenship.
• If a Pakistani married a Kashmiri girl, he acquired Indian citizenship.
• Article 370 did not allow people from other states to purchase property in J&K.
• The minority group in Kashmir that consists of Hindus and Sikhs did not get 16% reservation.

Changes after the Revocation of Article 370

Now that Article 370 has been revoked, Jammu and Kashmir will no longer enjoy the autonomous status. All the special powers that came with this article have been annulled. Here are some of the other changes that are being brought about:

• All the residents of J&K shall be entitled to single citizenship only.
• Article 360 that is enforced during financial emergency is now applicable in J&K.
• People from other states shall be able to purchase property in J&K.
• Duration of Legislative Assembly has been changed to 5 years.
• RTI will be applicable in J&K.
• Minorities will be eligible for 16% reservation.
• Children will benefit from the Right to Education.
• Directive Principle of State Policy shall be applicable.
• J&K will not have a separate flag.

The Atmosphere in J&K as Article 370 Revoked

J&K’s prominent leaders, Omar Abdullah, Sajjad Lone and Mehbooba Mufti were under house arrest as the bill for abolition of Article 370 was passed in the Rajya Sabha.

Internet and mobile services in Kashmir’s Srinagar district were suspended and a ban imposed on all public gatherings.

With so many changes underway after the revocation of Article 370, it seems like J&K will finally experience peace and prosperity. This is just the first step towards the betterment of the state.

There are miles to go! Whether the decision taken by Centre is right or wrong is still being debated. We hope it proves to be beneficial for the state as well as the country as a whole.

Long Essay on Article 370: Revocation – (600 words)

Article 370 was enforced by Sheikh Abdullah on 26 th January 1957. The article gave special power to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This was a temporary provision.

However, it remained in force for decades. Even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the country suggested its revocation from time to time, it remained intact; however, it has finally been annulled.

Indian President, Ram Nath Kovind issued constitutional order to revoke Article 370 and apply all the rules and provisions of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir. This historic move was made on 5 th August 2019.

Bill to Revoke Provisions of Article 370

Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, moved a resolution in Rajya Sabha to introduce a bill scrapping all the provisions of Article 370. This was approved by President Ram Nath Kovind.

Shah also introduced bills seeking bifurcation of the State into Jammu and Kashmir as a Union Territory with an Assembly and Ladakh as a Union Territory without a legislature.

The opposition benches protested against this resolution; however, the decision has been made. Revoking Article 370 of the Indian Constitution had been a major part of BJP’s agenda. Shah’s announcement was thus received with elation by the BJP leaders.

Mixed Reactions on Revocation of Article 370

While many political parties opposed the decision to scrap Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, several others extended their support to the BJP government.

Parties that Supported the Decision

Among those that showed support to this decision were the Aam Aadmi Party,   Bahujan Samaj Party, Shiv Sena, AIADMK, Shiromani Akali Dal, YSR Congress, Telugu Desam Party, Biju Janata Dal, BPF and AGP. All these parties backed the Centre’s decision.

Many of them mentioned that they awaited this move since long and welcome the decision wholeheartedly. They now look forward to peace and development in J&K. The decision of scrapping Article 370 has been termed as bold and courageous.

BSP member, Satish Chandra Misra was among the first ones in the Rajya Sabha to support this move. Mayawati also extended support to the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir.

AIADMK mentioned that their leader, Jayalalithaa had always wanted this. Shiv Sena members expressed their joy and support by celebrating outside their party head office.

BJD members said that with this decision, Jammu and Kashmir has become an integral part of the country and they are glad about it.

Parties that Opposed the Decision

The parties those opposed the Centre’s decision to revoke Article 370 include Congress, Trinamool Congress, Nationalist Congress Party, Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janta Dal, Left, National Conference, DMK and People’s Democratic Party. All these parties condemned and criticised the resolution.

Congress members mentioned that this was a “catastrophic step” and it should be seen as a “black day” in the constitutional history of our country. It further said that this decision is a publicity stunt by BJP to fetch more votes. Likewise, Left mentioned that it is an attack on the Indian Constitution.

Members of People’s Democratic Party expressed their anger over the decision by shouting slogans and tearing copies of Indian Constitution. National Conference called the decision shocking and unilateral. Trinamool Congress also expressed its objection against the Centre’s decision.

DMK went on to say that this was simply the murder of democracy. It said that BJP is forcing its agenda and that it has no respect for the sentiments of the Jammu and Kashmir residents.

Revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is indeed a big decision. A major change in J&K is likely underway now. We hope things change for good for this beautiful state which has long struggled for peace and justice. The Centre must make special efforts to resurrect J&K and make it a better and safer place to live.

Related Information:

Essay on Article 35A of Indian Constitution

Speech on Article 370 of Constitution of India

Essay on Article 15 of Indian Constitution

Speech on Constitution of India

Speech on National Constitution Day

Essay on National Constitution Day

Essay on Constitution of India

Essay on Section 377 of Indian Penal Code

Find More Information about Indian Independence Day:

Indian Independence Day  |  Independence Day Essay  |  Importance of Independence Day in India Essay  |  Independence Day Speech  |  Speech on Independence Day for Teachers  |  Independence Day Speech for Principal  |  Slogans on Independence Day  |  Paragraph on Independence Day  |  Facts about Independence Day of India  |  Speech on 15 August 1947 by Nehru  |  Independence Day Quotes  |  Live Celebration Ceremony of 69th Independence Day of India at Red Fort Delhi  |  President’s Address to the Nation on the eve of Independence Day

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