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The Inside Story on 5 Organized Crime Cases and the People Who Brought Them to Justice

By Kirsten Slyter on 10/18/2021

There’s no question that organized crime is a fascinating topic. Hit Hollywood depictions like Goodfellas , The Departed and The Sopranos have firmly established themselves as a part of American popular culture. While these depictions may paint individual members of organized crime rings in a sometimes-favorable light, organized crime remains a substantial problem that leads to a lot of suffering for those caught up in their web.

These organizations are committed to ill-gotten profits and power. Some boast huge numbers and often the takedowns of even key figures aren’t enough to stop the group from carrying on. It takes a lot of resources, manpower and smarts on the law enforcement side to catch and convict these criminals.

In this article, we’ll walk through some well-known—and not-so-well-known—organized crime cases where law enforcement was able to get the upper hand and explain how they did it.

What is organized crime?

But first, let’s start with defining organized crime. According to the FBI, organized crime is the associations of individuals who operate illegally to gain power, influence and wealth. Organized crime enterprises can be organized by clans, networks or hierarchies. They’re often involved in crimes like:

• Drug trafficking
• Human trafficking
• Firearms trafficking
• Illegal gambling
• Migrant smuggling

Though groups organized via local ethnic ties (like the Mafia or the Westies) are well-known, criminal enterprises can do their work all across the world thanks to international ties and the Internet.

Often, the FBI in the U.S works to breakdown international and national organized crime enterprises by using the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations statue (RICO act). Passed in 1970, this act gives authorities more leverage to pursue civil and criminal penalties for racketeering activity against groups of people working as part of an on-going criminal enterprise.

In the cases that follow, you’ll see more specific actions taken by law enforcement to catch and convict individuals in organized crime enterprises.

A closer look at 5 fascinating organized crime cases

1. the st. valentine’s day massacre and capone’s downfall.

February 14, 1929 , is known as the date of one of the most violent events ever to occur in Chicago gang history. The infamous Al Capone and George “Bugs” Moran ran opposing enterprises on the north and south sides of Chicago, respectively. Capone made huge sums of money through bootlegging, speakeasies, gambling and prostitution through the 1920s and sought to consolidate the gangs of Chicago to increase his personal wealth.

On February 14, seven members of Moran’s gang were brutally gunned down in a parking garage in the Lincoln Park neighborhood. Over 70 rounds of ammunition were fired. When police arrived at the scene, only one gang member was found alive. He later succumbed to his injuries in the hospital.

Eyewitness reported that two men dressed as police officers and two in plain clothes entered the garage and pretended to arrest the men in the garage, but instead shot them. Moran himself was meant to be at the garage, but on the way, he saw the men dressed as police officers and decided to stop for coffee instead, saving his own life.

Though no one was ever brought to trial for the murders, Al Capone was eventually put in prison for income tax evasion thanks to diligent forensic accounting by special agent Frank Wilson and other members of the Intelligence Unit of the Internal Revenue Service. Wilson and the others reviewed over two million documents to find several ledgers containing income that Capone had not reported. He was convicted and sentence to eleven years in prison, in addition to $80,000 in fines and court costs.

2. Operation Trojan Shield

Operation Trojan Shield was put into effect in just 2018. The international effort , coordinated by the FBI, resulted in more than 800 arrests. A search warrant affidavit filled by an FBI Special Agent in San Diego allowed the FBI to identify over 300 transnational criminal organization using a platform called ANOM, run with collaboration by the FBI.

Traffickers and criminals used ANOM devices and platforms to send encrypted messages planning and coordinating their activities. They didn’t know copies of those same messages were sent to the FBI, the Australian Federal Police and other agencies. Those agencies gathered over 27 million messages.

This international effort was able to show connections around the world. Because of the messages, Australian Federal Police were able disrupt 20 threats to kill people. Authorities in Europe seized more than 8 tons of cocaine, 22 tons of cannabis and several tons of other drugs, along with 55 luxury vehicles and over $48 million in various worldwide currencies and cryptocurrencies.

3. United States v Antony Salerno, et al (The Mafia commission trial)

This 1986 trial is known as one of the most significant blows to organized crime in the United States. Formerly confidential information about the Mafia’s internal organization was revealed, and eight defendants were convicted of racketeering including some of the “dons” and underbosses of New York’s five most-prominent crime families, also known as “the Commission” or “La Cosa Nostra.”

The court indictments were the products of five years of investigations, 171 court-authorized wiretaps and the work of more than 200 federal agents. By the time the trial started, there were more than 25 indictment counts including charges of extortion, narcotics, gambling, labor racketeering and murder.

One of the most dramatic moments of the trial occurred when Angelo Lonardo, former Cleveland mafia underboss, took the stand and broke the Mafia’s “omerta” code of silence. Lonardo had been offered a deal by the FBI—testimony in exchange for a reduced sentence and possible parole for his own conviction on drug charges. He provided insights into how the Commission operated. Lonardo’s family in Cleveland communicated to the Commission via Tony Salerno. He pointed out Salerno in court and called out Salerno as the current boss of the Genovese crime family.

The ten-week trial ended with eight convictions of involvement in the Commission and more specific criminal acts from the Genovese, Lucchese, Colombo and Bonanno families.

4. Kansas City Massacre

This June 17, 1933, massacre took the lives of four FBI agents and their federal prisoner, Frank Nash, outside the Union Railway Station in Kansas City, Missouri. Nash already had a long history of criminal activity and was being brought back to a U.S. penitentiary after escaping.

The four individuals indicted of the shooting were said to have connections with Nash in the crime world and didn’t want him sharing potentially damning information with law enforcement. The four individuals—Richard Galatas, Herbert Farmer, “Doc” Louis Stacci and Frank Mulloy—were found guilty of conspiracy to cause the escape of a federal prisoner from the custody of the United States. Each were sentenced to serve two years in a federal penitentiary and pay a fine of $10,000, the maximum penalty allowed by law at the time.

The events of the Kansas City Massacre changed the operations of the FBI. Before, the agency wasn’t permitted to carry firearms or make arrests. After the massacre, Congress gave the FBI statuary authority to carry guns and make arrests, making FBI agents much closer to what they are today.

5. Operation Family Secrets

This seven-year investigation is known as one of the most successful organized crime law enforcement efforts ever conducted. It all started when a letter arrived at the Chicago FBI office from Frank Calabrese Jr. in prison. Calabrese Jr. wanted to help put his father, a mobster, away for life. Nick Calabrese, Frank’s brother, also became an informant.

The investigation led to indictments among 14 defendants affiliated with the Chicago outfit, the Windy City’s mafia organization. Eighteen murders and one attempted murder were investigated with the rest of the crimes encompassing loansharking and bookmaking.

Throughout the 2007 trial, more than 125 witnesses and 200 pieces of evidence were presented. Frank Calabrese was sentenced to life in prison for 13 slayings (among other crimes).

Could a crime-solving career be in your future?

Though we’ve explored organized crime cases with convicted criminals behind bars, many more cases stand unsolved. The world of organized crime is changing. The Mafia, cartels and other organized crime rings still exist, but catching underworld criminals today might look more like Operation Trojan Shield than hunting down mob bosses on the street. No matter how methods may change, the need to help reel in criminal behavior remains constant.

Does the thrill of the chase and the investigative nature of solving crime sound like something you could devote your career to? Our article “Investigate Your Future: Are You Destined for a Crime-Solving Career?” highlights some of the other key signs you’d thrive in an investigative role.

Related Articles:

• Burglary vs. Robbery and 21 Other Common Crimes Defined
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About the author

Kirsten Slyter

Kirsten is a Content Writer at Collegis Education where she enjoys researching and writing on behalf of Rasmussen University. She understands the difference that education can make and hopes to inspire readers at every stage of their education journey.

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Alphonse Gabriel “Al” Capone rose to infamy as a gangster in Chicago during the 1920s and early 1930s.

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Barker/Karpis Gang

Alvin “Creepy” Karpis and his Barker brother sidekicks robbed banks and trains and engineered two major kidnappings of rich business executives in the 1930s.

Bonnie and Clyde

Notorious crime couple Clyde Champion Barrow and Bonnie Parker were shot to death by officers in an ambush near Sailes, Bienville Parish, Louisiana on May 23, 1934, after one of the most extensive manhunts the nation had seen up to that time.

After the death of John Dillinger, a new gang of bad guys looking to make a name for themselves came onto the scene.

Fur Dressers Case

Louis "Lepke" Buchalter and his gang of mobsters were busted thanks to an FBI investigation into a fur dressing racket in the 1930s.

George “Machine Gun” Kelly

Kelly and his gang kidnapped a wealthy oil magnate in 1933 and as legend has it, famously gave agents their "G-men" moniker upon his arrest.

Joe Pistone, Undercover Agent

A New York agent's masterful undercover work helped take down Mafia leaders in the 1980s.

John Dillinger

John Herbert Dillinger, Jr. was a Midwestern bank robber, auto thief, and fugitive who captured the national imagination until the FBI caught up with him in 1934.

The FBI and its partners finally put away a ruthless New York mobster and head of the Gambino crime family in the 1990s.

Kansas City Massacre and “Pretty Boy” Floyd

A mass murder committed in front of a railway station in Kansas City, Missouri in June 1933 shocked the American public and led to new crime laws.

Lester Gillis (“Baby Face” Nelson)

Nelson was a ruthless and violent gangster who killed three FBI agents and many others before being taken down in a firefight with the Bureau in 1934.

Pizza Connection

Several decades after the bust of a vast, long-running Mafia drug conspiracy that touched four continents, the Pizza Connection case continues to pay dividends for partnerships, policing, and public safety.

Roger “The Terrible” Touhy

In the latter part of 1933 and the early part of 1934, the Chicago gang of Roger “The Terrible” Touhy was smashed.

The Dixie Mafia

The murder of Judge Vincent Sherry and his wife, Margaret, at the hands of the so-called Dixie Mafia exposed the lawlessness and corruption that had overtaken Mississippi’s Gulf Coast in the 1980s.

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Recent publications on organized crime: the year 2020

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• Published: 19 March 2021
• Volume 24 , pages 388–417, ( 2021 )

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This is a list of over 300 English-language publications on organized crime and related topics from the year 2020. Books are included by copyright date. Journal articles are not included by the date they are posted online first, but by the year of the issue or volume once they are formally published. Pertinent publications were identified through searches in various databases, including Google Scholar and Google Books , using search terms including “organized crime,” “criminal network,” “mafia,” “trafficking,” and “smuggling.” Authors and publishers also provided information. The aim was to list publications that reflect the multi-facetted nature of the study of organized crime, understood broadly to encompass the study of the organization crimes, the study of the organization of criminals, and the study of the organization of social spheres by criminals for criminal purposes. All articles from volume 23 of Trends in Organized Crime were included without a separate examination of their thematic scope.

Aguirre, A. Alonso, Catherina, Richard, Frye, Hailey, Shelley, Louise (2020). Illicit Wildlife Trade, Wet Markets, and COVID‐19: Preventing Future Pandemics. World Medical and Health Policy 12(3):256–265.

Agu, Helen U., Gore, Meredith L. (2020). Women in wildlife trafficking in Africa: A synthesis of literature. Global Ecology and Conservation 23(1):e01166.

Albanese, Jay S. (2020). Why Organized Crime Seeks New Criminal Markets. In: Y. Zabyelina, D. van Uhm (Eds.), Illegal Mining: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Ecocide in a Resource-Scarce World (pp. 31–42). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ambagtsheer, Frederike (2020). Combating Human Trafficking for the Purpose of Organ Removal: Lessons Learned from Prosecuting Criminal Cases. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1733–1749). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ambagtsheer, Frederike, Van Balen, Linde (2020). ‘I’m not Sherlock Holmes’: Suspicions, secrecy and silence of transplant professionals in the human organ trade. European Journal of Criminology 17(6):764–783.

Anderson Baxter, Alexandra Louise (2020). When the Line between Victimization and Criminalization Blurs: The Victim-Offender Overlap Observed in Female Offenders in Cases of Trafficking in Persons for Sexual Exploitation in Australia. Journal of Human Trafficking 6(3):327–338.

Andreatta, Daniela, Favarin, Serena (2020). Features of transnational illicit waste trafficking and crime prevention strategies to tackle it. Global Crime 21(2):130–153.

Antonopoulos, Georgios A., Baratto, Gabriele, Di Nicola, Andrea, Diba, Parisa, Martini, Elisa, Papanicolaou, Georgios, Terenghi, Fiamma (2020). Technology in Human Smuggling and Trafficking: Case Studies from Italy and the United Kingdom . Cham: Springer.

Antonopoulos, Georgios A., Hall, Alexandra, Large, Joanna, Shen, Anqi (2020). Counterfeit goods fraud: an account of its financial management. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 26(3):357–378.

Artinopoulou, Vasiliki, Koufouli, Alexandra (2020). Legislation, Policies, and Practices Against Trafficking in Human Beings: The Case of Kosovo. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1113–1132). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Askola, Heli (2020). Regional Responses to Human Trafficking in Southeast Asia and Australasia. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 901–915). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Avery, Simon (2020). For fraud, look under ‘serious and organized crime’. Public Money and Management 40(5):407–414.

Aziani, Alberto (2020). Violent disequilibrium: the influence of instability in the economic value of cocaine markets on homicides. Crime, Law and Social Change 74(3):245–272.

Aziani, Alberto, Dugato, Marco, Meneghini, Cecilia (2020). A methodology for estimating the illicit consumption of cigarettes at the country level. Global Crime 21(2):154–184.

Aziani, Alberto, Favarin, Serena, Campedelli, Gian Maria (2020). Security Governance: Mafia Control over Ordinary Crimes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57(4):444–492.

Aziani, Alberto, Favarin, Serena, Campedelli, Gian Maria (2020). A Security Paradox: The Influence Of Governance-Type Organized Crime Over the Surrounding Criminal Environment. British Journal of Criminology 60(4):970–993.

Azis, Avyanthi, Wahyudi, Ridwan (2020). Imperfect Victims and an Imperfect Protocol: Reflecting on the Trafficking Experiences of Indonesian Migrant Fishermen. Journal of Human Trafficking 6(2):156–167.

Baika, Laura, Campana, Paolo (2020). Centrality, Mobility, and Specialization: A Study of Drug Markets in a Non-metropolitan Area in the United Kingdom. Journal of Drug Issues 50(2):107–126.

Balcells, Marc (2020). Old dogs, new tricks: The use of technology by Italian archaeological looters. In: P.C. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G.A. Antonopoulos, J.H. Harvey, K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal Defiance in Europe and Beyond: From organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 449–475). The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Bales, Kevin, Murphy, Laura T., Silverman, Bernard W. (2020). How many trafficked people are there in Greater New Orleans? Lessons in measurement. Journal of Human Trafficking 6(4):375–387.

Barkoukis, Vassilis, Lazuras, Lambros, Kourelis, Panagiotis (2020). A preliminary investigation of the decision making process towards match fixing. Crime, Law and Social Change 74(1):45–54.

Battisti, Michele, Bernardo, Giovanni, Konstantinidi, Antri, Kourtellos, Andros, Lavezzi, Andrea Mario (2020). Socio-Economic Inequalities and Organized Crime: An Empirical Analysis. In: D. Weisburd, E.U. Savona, B. Hasisi, F. Calderoni (Eds.), Understanding Recruitment to Organized Crime and Terrorism (pp. 205–239). Cham: Springer.

Batura, Olga, op 't Hoog, Gabrielle, van Wanrooij, Niels (2020). Why do we know so little about illicit trade in cultural goods? An analysis of obstacles to collecting reliable data. In: P.C. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G.A. Antonopoulos, J.H. Harvey, K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal Defiance in Europe and Beyond: From organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 427–448). The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Bauman, Rebecca (2020). Soldiers for the Mob: The Military as Metaphor for Italian Organized Crime. In: M. Roveri (Ed.), Italy and the Military: Cultural Perspectives from Unification to Contemporary Italy (pp. 331–346). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Becucci, Stefano (2020). Human Smuggling to Italy through the Libyan Coasts. In: P.C. van Duyne, D. Siegel, G.A. Antonopoulos, J.H. Harvey, K. von Lampe (Eds.), Criminal Defiance in Europe and Beyond: From organised crime to crime-terror nexus (pp. 245–273). The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Beka, Agnesa A. (2020). Some features of organized crime in Kosovo. Technium Social Sciences Journal 10(1):201–206.

Belhabib, Dyhia, Le Billon, Philippe, Wrathall, David J. (2020). Narco‐Fish: Global fisheries and drug trafficking. Fish and Fisheries 21(5):992–1007.

Bellotti, Elisa, Spencer, Jon, Lord, Nick, Benson, Katie (2020). Counterfeit alcohol distribution: A criminological script network analysis. European Journal of Criminology 17(4):373–398.

Bernet Kempers, Eva (2020). Between Informality and Organized Crime: Criminalization of Small-Scale Mining in the Peruvian Rainforest. In: Y. Zabyelina, D. van Uhm (Eds.), Illegal Mining: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Ecocide in a Resource-Scarce World (pp. 273–298). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Berruti, Gilda, Palestino, Maria Federica (2020). Contested land and blurred rights in the Land of Fires (Italy). International Planning Studies 25(3):277–288.

Bertola, Federico (2020). Drug Trafficking on Darkmarkets: How Cryptomarkets are Changing Drug Global Trade and the Role of Organized Crime. American Journal of Qualitative Research 4(2):27–34.

Blokland, Arjan, Van Der Leest, Wouter, Soudijn, Melvin (2020). Officially Registered Criminal Careers of Members of Dutch Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs and Their Support Clubs. Deviant Behavior 41(11):1393–1412.

Blom, Nadine (2020). Human Trafficking: An International Response. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 1275–1298). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bouchard, Martin (2020). Collaboration and Boundaries in Organized Crime: A Network Perspective. Crime and Justice 49(1):425–469.

Bouche, Vanessa, Bailey, Madeleine (2020). The UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons: An Aspirational Tool with Great Potential. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 163–176). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Broad, Rosemary, Muraszkiewicz, Julia (2020). The Investigation and Prosecution of Traffickers: Challenges and Opportunities. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 707–723). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Broadhurst, Roderic (2020). Transnational crime in Asia: Illicit markets and innovation. In: T. Wing Lo, D. Siegel and S.I. Kwok (Eds.), Organized Crime and Corruption Across Borders: Exploring the Belt and Road Initiative (pp. 73–98). London: Routledge.

Brown, Stuart S., Hermann, Margaret G. (2020). Transnational Crime and Black Spots: Rethinking Sovereignty and the Global Economy . Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Bruckmüller, Karin (2020). Trafficking of Human Beings for Organ (Cells and Tissue) Removal. In: J.A. Winterdyk, J. Jones (Eds.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking (pp. 319–337). Cham: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Bruwer, Carina (2020). Smuggling and Trafficking of Illicit Goods by Sea. In: L. Otto (Ed.), Global Challenges in Maritime Security: An Introduction (pp. 49–73). Cham: Springer.

Bryant, Katharine, Landman, Todd (2020). Combatting Human Trafficking since Palermo: What Do We Know about What Works? Journal of Human Trafficking 6(2):119–140.

Brzenchek, Robert M. (2020). Transnational Organized Crime: Intervention, Prevention, and Suppression of Cybersecurity . Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Burcher, Morgan (2020). Social Network Analysis and Law Enforcement: Applications for Intelligence Analysis . Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Buszko, Andrzej (2020). Transformation Towards a Market Oriented Economy – an Impetus or Hindrance for Organized Crime in Poland? Olsztyn Economic Journal 15(1):5–22.

Calamunci, Francesca, Drago, Francesco (2020). The Economic Impact of Organized Crime Infiltration in the Legal Economy: Evidence from the Judicial Administration of Organized Crime Firms. Italian Economic Journal 6(2):275–297.

Calderoni, Francesco, Campedelli, Gian Maria, Comunale, Tommaso, Marchesi, Martina E. Savona, Ernesto U. (2020). Recruitment into organised criminal groups: A systematic review. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 583(1):1–28.

Calderoni, Francesco, Catanese, Salvatore, De Meo, Pasquale, Ficara, Annamaria, Fiumara, Giacomo (2020). Robust link prediction in criminal networks: A case study of the Sicilian Mafia. Expert Systems with Applications 161(1):113,666.

Campana, Paolo (2020). Human Smuggling: Structure and Mechanisms. Crime and Justice 49(1):471–519.

Caneppele, Stefano, Langlois, Fiona, Verschuuren, Pim (2020). Those who counter match-fixing fraudsters: voices from a multistakeholder ecosystem. Crime, Law and Social Change 74(1):13–26.

Carbajal Glass, Fausto (2020). Where the Metal Meets the Flesh: Organized Crime, Violence, and the Illicit Iron Ore Economy in Mexico’s Michoacán State. In: Y. Zabyelina, D. van Uhm (Eds.), Illegal Mining: Organized Crime, Corruption, and Ecocide in a Resource-Scarce World (pp. 147–183). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.

Catino, Maurizio (2020). Italian Organized Crime since 1950. Crime and Justice 49(1):69–140.

Cavallaro, Lucia, Ficara, Annamaria, De Meo, Pasquale, Fiumara, Giacomo, Catanese, Salvatore, Bagdasar, Ovidiu, Song, Wei, Liotta, Antonio (2020). Disrupting resilient criminal networks through data analysis: The case of Sicilian Mafia. PLoS ONE 15(8):e0236476.

Chavez Villegas, Cirenia (2020). Poverty, Aspirations, and Organized Crime in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. Victims and Offenders 15(3):330–349.

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von Lampe, K. Recent publications on organized crime: the year 2020. Trends Organ Crim 24 , 388–417 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-021-09412-3

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Published : 19 March 2021

Issue Date : September 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-021-09412-3

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• Education for Universities
• Organized Crime

Module 12: Crime Prevention Typologies and Organized Crime Approaches

• Case Studies

UNODC Teaching Module Series: Organized Crime

Introduction and learning outcomes.

• Definition of crime prevention and terminology
• Key crime prevention typologies
• Crime problem-solving approaches
• Organized Crime Approaches
• Beyond the three 'non-traditional' approaches to organized crime prevention

Case studies and exercises

Possible class structure, core reading, advanced reading, student assessment.

• Review and assessment questions
• Research and independent study questions

Additional teaching tools

This module is a resource for lecturers.

The exercises and case studies in this section focus on organized crime approaches. To access exercises and case studies on crime prevention typologies, please visit the relevant sections (case studies; exercises) of Module 2 on Crime Prevention of the Teaching Module Series on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.

Exercise 1 (The three main ‘non-traditional’ approaches to organized crime prevention)

Answers can be taken from the definitions provided in the relevant section of this Module.

Possible discussion points:

• Consider the different approaches and provide a few examples of interventions for each one of them.
• Community approaches : What is community resilience against organized crime and how can it be improved? What do active and passive citizen participation approaches involve? How can art and education help prevent organized crime? Think about examples from you community/country/region when providing answers to these questions.
• Regulatory, disruption and non-justice system approaches: The powers of regulatory agencies are widely used to make it harder for organized criminal groups to establish and organize themselves as well as operate in certain areas. Measures in this category include special legislation as well as screening and/or monitoring procedures, among others. Which of these measures have been implemented in your community/jurisdiction? Which regulatory agencies are responsible for their implementation/compliance monitoring?
• Private sector involvement: How is the private sector affected by organized crime? Give examples of measures that the private sector can take voluntarily to prevent organized crime. Besides these measures, there is a significant number of examples of legislation to make private companies responsible for monitoring and reducing organized crime. Can you find any of these examples in your country/region? If statistics are available, what has the impact been?

Exercise 2 (Beyond the three main ‘non-traditional’ approaches)

Ask students to work in small groups to consider and discuss the following:

• What type of preventive measures does the typology proposed by Levi and Maguire (2004) not include?
• What are the actors/agencies involved in the planning, delivery/implementation and compliance monitoring of these measures?

In plenary, the lecturer can facilitate a feedback and discussion session that may include the following points:

• Additional categories of intervention: 1) Law enforcement/criminal justice prevention, and 2) International and domestic cooperation:
• Law enforcement/criminal justice measures , although more often associated with the repression of organized crime, can – and often are – preventive too. Interventions of the criminal justice system, including law enforcement, courts and penitentiary institutions, encompass a broad range of actions that interest different phases of the criminal justice process and range from proactive investigations to stop crimes from occurring, to post-release support of ex-prisoners to prevent re-offending.
• International and domestic cooperation are essential for effectively preventing and combating organized crime. To facilitate international cooperation, national legislation and actions need to be aligned with international standards and norms, as well as legally binding international treaties (such as the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the United Nations Convention against Corruption, etc.). At the domestic level, it is necessary to implement a whole-of-government strategy that provides for strong mechanisms for cooperation and involves all relevant branches/sections and the criminal justice system. Frameworks, guidelines and systems for knowledge-sharing, including necessary and adequate data protection checks, are of central importance. At the same time, preventing and combating transnational organized crime cannot be limited to the national level; local stakeholders must also be actively engaged.

Case studies

Case study 1 (youth crime prevention through sports).

As part of its efforts to support the implementation of the Doha Declaration, UNODC has launched a global youth crime prevention initiative that builds on the power of sports as a tool for peace. The initiative aims to promote sports and related activities to prevent crime and to effectively build resilience of at-risk youth. Strengthening the life skills of youth is a key objective to minimize risk factors and maximize protective factors related to crime, violence and drug use. By enhancing knowledge of the consequences of crime and substance abuse and developing life skills, the initiative seeks to positively influence behaviour and attitudes of at-risk youth and prevent anti-social and risky behaviour.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development underlines the growing contribution of sports as a tool for peace in its promotion of tolerance and respect. It also highlights the contributions that sport can make to the empowerment of communities as a whole, to individuals (particularly women and young people) as well as to health, education and social inclusion.

More specifically, sports offer an important opportunity for building life skills of at-risk youth that allow them to better cope with daily life challenges and move away from involvement in violence, crime or drug use.

Case-related files

• UNODC Doha Declaration Global Programme. Crime prevention through sports. 

Significant feature

• Youth crime prevention
• Prevention of gangs’ involvement and drug abuse
• Cross-sectoral partnership and cooperation

Discussion questions

• How can youth crime be reduced through partnerships between governments, sports organizations, and civil society?
• How does UNODC’s global youth crime prevention initiative help youth develop their life skills and serve as one of the ways to promote prevention of crime and drug use?
• What other programmes would you recommend to governments (or international organizations) that could help vulnerable youth stay away from crime? 

Case study 2  (Addiopizzo; Anti-mafia certification)

Photo Credit: Newsweek

• Addiopizzo website http://www.addiopizzo.org/
• Report on the activity of “Addiopizzo Catania,” by Addiopizzo Catania to the Special Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering (CRIM), 30 October  2012. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201211/20121120ATT55946/20121120ATT55946EN.pdf
• Alex Polizzi meets Addiopizzo (video). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HOeSKrkHek

Significant features

• Active citizen participation
• Extortion-free economy
• Building community resilience
• Can a group of civil activists defeat the mafia? Is it possible that Addiopizzo can overcome the traditional cultural acceptance of the mafia in society?
• What challenges may activists encounter in the implementation of the movement’s agenda?
• What support would a movement such as Addiopizzo need from public institutions? How can local, regional and national governments help such organizations?

Case study 3 (UNODC’s awareness-raising campaigns)

Nadia Murad (Activist) - Goodwill Ambassador for the Dignity of Survivors of Human Trafficking

Ms. Murad, who survived trafficking at the hands of ISIL (Da'esh), was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with Denis Mukwege in 2018 for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict. In 2016, she was named the first UNODC Goodwill Ambassador for the Dignity of Survivors of Human Trafficking. She was subject to grave abuses at the hands of ISIL fighters and was bought and sold various times. As UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, Nadia's main goal is to focus on advocacy initiatives and to raise awareness of the plight of millions of victims of trafficking, especially refugees, women, and girls. 

Mira Sorvino (Actress) - Goodwill Ambassador for the Global Fight against Human Trafficking (2009-2017)

Ms. Sorvino supported UNODC in encouraging the ratification of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, through advocacy work and participation in global/regional events. She promoted and participated in information and prevention campaigns to educate the general public and/or target audiences on human trafficking and helped disseminate information to the public about UNODC's work. Ms. Sorvino also carried out field visits and participated in national campaigns on anti-human trafficking related issues, including meetings with trafficking victims to help share and disseminate their stories and needs.

Nicolas Cage (Actor) - Goodwill Ambassador for Global Justice (2010-2013)

Mr. Cage contributed to raising awareness, galvanizing and promoting global justice endeavours and combating organized crime, terrorism, and drug trafficking and addiction. He promoted initiatives that contribute towards building a solid foundation for sustainable policy and action in fighting crime, drugs and terrorism. His work involved using art to help combat various forms of crime, by raising awareness of these problems and raising support for victim assistance programmes.

Radamel Falcao (Football Player) - Goodwill Ambassador for the fight against drugs (2013-2014)

Mr. Falcao is a role model of fair play, dedication, and humility not just in his native Colombia, but worldwide. Football is the most popular sport in the world, with billions of fans around the globe. As UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, Falcao helped in reaching the young and marginalized, speaking out on drug prevention, visiting UNODC projects, and witnessing first-hand both the challenges and achievements in the fight against drugs and crime.

UNODC Goodwill Ambassadors https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/unodc-goodwil-ambassadors.html

• Community approaches
• Passive and active citizen participation
• Awareness-raising campaigns
• Are celebrity-led awareness campaigns more successful than other kinds of public-oriented advocacy campaigns? Why?
• Think about one example of a successful awareness-raising campaign in your country/community, as well as one that was not as successful. What factors contributed to the success of the first one and the failure of the second one?
• The trailer of “ On Her Shoulders ”, the film about Nadia Murad’s life and commitment to raise awareness on the genocide of the Yazidis in Northern Iraq in 2014, and
• The trailer of “ The Man Who Mends Women ” ( L’homme qui répare les femmes) about Doctor Mukwege’s struggle to put an end to the atrocities committed in the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo and mend thousands of women who have been raped during the 20 years conflict.

These extraordinary people devoted their lives to improve those of others. Reflect on the importance of their work as well as their personal sacrifice. Their inner strength is surely exceptional, yet so many of us have the chance to stand up for what is right and foster a culture of lawfulness in our communities. What ways can you think of (e.g. volunteering opportunities, involvement with local non-profit organizations, community engagement, using art as a tool for peace and justice, etc.) to join this endeavour?

Case study 4 (The Resilience Fund of the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime)

In 2019, the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched a Civil Society Resilience Fund Against Organized Crime. The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime (GI-TOC) is an independent civil society organization. It comprises a network of over 500 experts including prominent law enforcement, governance and development practitioners dedicated to seeking new and innovative strategies and responses to organized crime.

The Resilience Fund, managed by the GI-TOC, builds on the organization’s ongoing work of incubating resilience in communities harmed or threatened by criminal governance. The GI-TOC describes criminal governance as “the control by a criminal group over a territory or community, where it exercises a quasi-governmental role, assuming power where the state cannot or will not assume the monopoly of the use of force”.

In this context, the Fund aims at supporting the efforts of civil society and other non-state actors by building their operational capacity with the aim of creating resilience. The Fund is a grant-making mechanism that finances, nurtures and assists local initiatives in their responses to organized crime. Thus far, the Fund has supported community resilience groups, counter-crime advocates and journalism initiatives. To know more about the Fund and the activities supported, please visit the Resilience Fund webpage .

The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime’s Resilience Fund https://resiliencefund.globalinitiative.net/

• Grassroot movements
• Civil-society institutions and agents of change - such as journalists, activists and government officials – actively engaged in the fight against organized crime find themselves at great risk and are harassed, threatened and even murdered. Which measures can governments at different levels, as well as the civil society at large, take to protect them and reduce these risks?
• Think about at least one example of a community project, counter-crime advocate or journalist in your community/country/region involved in the fight against organized crime. Prepare a presentation about his or her work and share it with the rest of your class.

Case study 5 (Deterring Piracy of Intellectual Property)

On 19 December 2002, in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, David Rocci pleaded guilty to import, market and sell circumvention devices known as modification (or "mod") chips in violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. He was the owner and operator of an Internet site dedicated to providing information about copyright infringement ( www.iSONEWS.com ). Rocci used this website to sell mod chips, designed to circumvent copyright protections built into game consoles such as the Microsoft Xbox and Sony Playstation 2—allowing unlimited play of pirated games on these gaming consoles.

As a condition of his guilty plea, Rocci transferred his domain name and website to the United States Government. In a creative move, the Government replaced iSONEWS.com with a new webpage providing information about the case United States v. Rocci , as well as a general anti-piracy message outlining potential criminal consequences for engaging in online piracy. The case was the first time the United States assumed control of an active domain name in an intellectual property case.

After two weeks, the site received more than 550,000 hits. The educational and deterrent value of this effort might exceed that of any alternative criminal sentence.

• United States Department of Justice. Justice Department seizes top internet site involved in copyright piracy . Press Release, 26 February 2003. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2003/February/03_crm_118.htm
• United States Congress. International Copyright Piracy: A Growing Problem with Links to Organized Crime and Terrorism . Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property. 13 March 2003, pp. 9-10. https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=K-f85GZrKHYC&rdid=book-K-f85GZrKHYC&rdot=1
• Criminal justice prevention
• Deterrence theory points out that people choose to obey or violate the law after calculating the gains and consequences of their actions. In this sense, the punishment of offenders serves as an example for others who have not yet participated in criminal events. What do you think are the merits and limits of this approach? After reflecting on the topic, read this short leaflet of the National Institute of Justice of the United States Department of Justice and compare your reflections with those findings.
• As highlighted in the summary, this was the first case in which the United States assumed control of an active domain name in an intellectual property case. This tactic was later used in a series of other cases. Conduct research on this topic and, in groups, prepare a presentation about one of these cases.

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Recent Publications on Organized Crime: the year 2021

Klaus von lampe.

Department of Police and Security Management, Berlin School of Economics and Law, Alt-Friedrichsfelde 60, 10315 Berlin, Germany

This is a list of over 250 English-language publications on organized crime and related topics from the year 2021. Books are included by copyright date. Journal articles are not included by the date they are posted online first, but by the year of the issue or volume they appear in. Pertinent publications were identified through searches in various databases, including Google Scholar and Google Books , using various search terms, namely “organized crime,” “criminal network,” “mafia,” “trafficking,” and “smuggling.” Authors and publishers also provided information. The aim is to list publications that reflect the multi-facetted nature of the study of organized crime, understood broadly to encompass the study of the organization of crimes, the study of the organization of criminals, and the study of the organization of social spheres by criminals for criminal purposes. All articles from volume 24 of Trends in Organized Crime are included without a separate examination of their thematic scope.

Aceves-Bueno E, Read AJ, Cisneros-Mata MA (2021) Illegal fisheries, environmental crime, and the conservation of marine resources. Conserv Biol 35(4):1120–1129

Acharya AK, Bryson Clark J (2021) Narco-violence, forced displacement, and sex trafficking: a qualitative study in Mexico. Global Crime 22(3):205–221

Aguirre Tobon K, Peters R, Espinoza-Quiros AY (2021) Understanding the Flow of Illegal Weapons in Central America. In: Perez Esparza D, Perez Ricart CA, Weigend E, Vargas (eds) Gun Trafficking and Violence: From The Global Network to The Local Security Challenge. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland, pp 123–151

Albanese J (2021) Cybercrime as an Essential Element in Transnational Counterfeiting Schemes. J Illicit Economies Dev 3(2):160–166

Albanese JS (2021) Organized Crime as Financial Crime: The Nature of Organized Crime as Reflected in Prosecutions and Research. Victims and Offenders 16(3):431–443

Albert F (2021) The evolution of Transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia: how far will it go? Eur Rev Organised Crime 6(1):100–135

Alden C, Harvey R (2021) Chinese Transnational Criminal Organizations and the illegal Wildlife Trade in Tanzania. Eur Rev Organised Crime 5(1):10–35

Alhajjar E, Fameli R, Warren S (2021) Are Terrorist Networks Just Glorified Criminal Cells? Northeast J Complex Syst 3(1):1–16

Alonso Berbotto A, Chainey S (2021) Theft of oil from pipelines: an examination of its crime commission in Mexico using crime script analysis. Global Crime 22(4):265–287

Altamirano Rayo G (2021) State Building, Ethnic Land Titling, and Transnational Organized Crime: The Case of Honduras. Latin Am Res Rev 56(1):50–66

Martinez A, Ibanez Alonso I (2021) Mexican organized crime and the illegal trade in totoaba maw. Trends in Organized Crime 24(4):526–546

Amerhauser K, Scaturro R (2021) Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the Western Balkans – Regional Vulnerabilities and Legal Responses. J Illicit Economies Dev 3(2):167–180

Anagnostou M (2021) Synthesizing knowledge on crime convergence and the illegal wildlife trade. Environ Challenges 5(1):100222

Anderdal Bakken S (2021) Drug dealers gone digital: using signalling theory to analyse criminal online personas and trust. Global Crime 22(1):51–73

Andris C, DellaPosta D, Freelin BN, Zhu X, Hinger B, Chen H (2021) To racketeer among neighbors: spatial features of criminal collaboration in the American Mafia. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 35(12):2463–2488

Antonelli M (2021) An exploration of organized crime in Italian ports from an institutional perspective. Presence and activities. Trends in Organized Crime 24(2):152–170

Askola H (2021) The History of the Global Anti-Human Trafficking Agenda, with a Focus on Prostitution and Sexual Exploitation. In: Boister N, Gless S, Jessberger F (eds) Histories of Transnational Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 151–161

Avdan N, Omelicheva M (2021) Human Trafficking-Terrorism Nexus: When Violent Non-State Actors Engage in the Modern-Day Slavery. J Conflict Resolut 65(9):1576–1606

Aziani A, Berlusconi G, Giommoni L (2021) A Quantitative Application of Enterprise and Social Embeddedness Theories to the Transnational Trafficking of Cocaine in Europe. Deviant Behav 42(2):245–267

Aziani A, Calderoni F, Dugato M (2021) Explaining the Consumption of Illicit Cigarettes. J Quant Criminol 37(3):751–789

Badillo R, Mijares VM (2021) Politicised crime: causes for the discursive politicisation of organised crime in Latin America. Global Crime 22(4):312–335

Bajda K (2021) Criminological and Forensic Aspects of Selected Areas of Organized Crime in Poland. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30(4):33–47

Bakiev E (2021) The Power Shift from Government to Organized Crime in Kyrgyzstan. In: Mihr A (ed) Between Peace and Conflict in the East and the West: Studies on Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp 139–154

Balint R, Kalman J (2021) Smuggled: An illegal history of journeys to Australia. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney

de la Balmori JR, Hoehn-Velasco L, Silverio-Murillo A (2021a) Druglords don’t stay at home: COVID-19 pandemic and crime patterns in Mexico City. J Criminal Justice 72(1):101745

de la Balmori JR, Hoehn-Velasco L, Silverio-Murillo A (2021b) The U-shaped crime recovery during COVID-19: evidence from national crime rates in Mexico. Crime Sci 10(1):14

Baradel M (2021) The rise of shaming paternalism in Japan: recent tendencies in the Japanese criminal justice system. Trends in Organized Crime 24(1):23–41

Baradel M (2021) Yakuza Grey: The Shrinking of the Il/legal Nexus and its Repercussions on Japanese Organised Crime. Global Crime 22(1):74–91

Baradel M, Bortolussi J (2021) Under a setting sun: the spatial displacement of the yakuza and their longing for visibility. Trends in Organized Crime 24(2):209–226

Bartels L, Henshaw M, Taylor H (2021) Cross-jurisdictional review of Australian legislation governing outlaw motorcycle gangs. Trends in Organized Crime 24(3):343–360

Basu K, Sen A (2021) Identifying individuals associated with organized criminal networks: A social network analysis. Social Networks 64(1):42–54

Becerra J, Ariza A, Gamarra-Amaya LC (2021) Detection of Vessels Associated with Drug-Trafficking. In: Froehlich A (ed) Space Fostering Latin American Societies: Developing the Latin American Continent Through Space, Part 2. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp 67–86. Use of Open-Source Satellite Data to Combat Organized Crime - Case Study

Belliotti RA (2021) The Godfather and Sicily. State University of New York Press, Albany, NY

Bernardo G, Brunetti I, Pinar M, Stengos T (2021) Measuring the presence of organized crime across Italian provinces: a sensitivity analysis. Eur J Law Econ

Bertolai JD, Scorzafave LG (2021) Property rights’ emergence in illicit drug markets. Rationality and Society 33(1):52–105

Bird S (2021) Public Health Perspective on UK-identified Victims of Modern Slavery. Crime and Delinquency 67(13–14):2295–2306

Bisschop L, van Wingerde K (2021) Transnational organized environmental crime. In: Allum F, Gilmour S (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Transnational Organized Crime, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, pp 270–284

Bonning J, Cleaver K (2021) ‘There is no “war on drugs”’: An investigation into county line drug networks from the perspective of a London borough. The Police Journal: Theory Practice and Principles 94(4):443–461

Boratto R, Gibbs C (2021) Advancing interdisciplinary research on illegal wildlife trade using a conservation criminology framework. Eur J Criminol 18(6):777–798

Bouchard M, Soudijn M, Reuter P (2021) Conflict Management in High-Stakes Illegal Drug Transactions. Br J Criminol 61(1):167–186

Bracy K, Lul B, Roe-Sepowitz D (2021) A Four-year Analysis of Labor Trafficking Cases in the United States: Exploring Characteristics and Labor Trafficking Patterns. J Hum Trafficking 7(1):35–52

Brady S (2021) ‘Cyber’ - the ‘digital’ gold for Nigerian criminals. In: Allum F, Gilmour S (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Transnational Organized Crime, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, pp 436–449

Branscum C, Fallik W, S (2021) A content analysis on state human trafficking statutes: how does the legal system acknowledge survivors in the United States (US)? Crime Law and Social Change 76(3):253–275

Bregoli I (2021) The Use of Mafia Stereotypes in Marketing: A Study into Consumers’ Perceptions and Willingness to Buy. J Nonprofit Public Sect Mark 33(2):132–148

Bright D, Deegan SJ (2021) The organisational structure, social networks and criminal activities of outlaw motorcycle gangs: Literature review. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice 621:1–16

Bright D, Leiva A (2021) Transnational criminal networks. In: Allum F, Gilmour S (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Transnational Organized Crime, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, pp 35–50

Bright D, Brewer R, Morselli C (2021) Using social network analysis to study crime: Navigating the challenges of criminal justice records. Social Networks 66(1):50–64

Brubacher SP, van Doore KE, Powell M (2021) Responding to orphanage trafficking from an information gathering perspective. Child Abuse Negl 120(1):105222

Buscemi F, Russo A (2021) The state before criminal firearms. In: Allum F, Gilmour S (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Transnational Organized Crime, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, pp 422–435

Bush AR (2021) Cosa Nostra in the YouTube Comment Section: Visions of Tommaso Buscetta, the Mafia, and Italian History. Italian Cult 39(1):58–72

Cablayan M, Flamini A, Jahanshahi B (2021) Hindering human capital accumulation: A hidden cost of the silent mafia? J Economic Behav Organ 188(1):828–845

Calamunci FM, De Benedetto MA, Silipo DB (2021) Anti-Mafia Law Enforcement and Lending in Mafia Lands. Evidence from Judicial Administration in Italy. B E Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 21(3):1067–1106

Campedelli GM, Calderoni F, Comunale T, Meneghini C (2021) Life-Course Criminal Trajectories of Mafia Members. Crime and Delinquency 67(1):111–141

Cappellaro G, Compagni A, Vaara E (2021) Maintaining Strategic Ambiguity for Protection: Struggles over Opacity, Equivocality, and Absurdity around the Sicilian Mafia. Acad Manag J 64(1):1–37

Carabellese F, Felthous AR, Kennedy HG, Montalbo D, La Tegola D, Coluccia A, Ferretti F, Carabellese F, Catanesi R (2021) Women and men of mafia between traditional cultural contexts and new social roles. Behav Sci Law 39(5):567–582

Carabellese F, Felthous AR, Montalbo D, La Tegola D, Carabellese F, Catanesi R (2021) The psychopathic dimension in women of mafia. Int J Law Psychiatry 74(1):101600

Cardoso P, Amponsah-Mensah K, Barreiros JP, Bouhuys J, Cheung H, Davies A, Kumschick S, Longhorn SJ, Martinez-Munoz CA, Morcatty TQ, Peters G, Ripple WJ, Rivera-Tellez E, Stringham OC, Toomes A, Tricorache P, Fukushima CS (2021) Scientists’ warning to humanity on illegal or unsustainable wildlife trade. Biol Conserv 263(1):109341

Castellano NG, Cerqueti R, Franceschetti BM (2021) Evaluating risks-based communities of Mafia companies: a complex networks perspective. Rev Quant Financ Acc 57(4):1463–1486

Cavallaro L, Bagdasar O, De Meo P, Fiumara G, Liotta A (2021) Graph and Network Theory for the Analysis of Criminal Networks. In: Fortino G, Liotta A, Gravina R, Longheu A (eds) Data Science and Internet of Things: Research and Applications at the Intersection of DS and IoT. Springer, Cham, Switzerland, pp 139–156

Champeyrache C (2021) A Commonsian approach to crime: the Mafia and the economic power to withhold. Camb J Econ 45(3):411–425

Chomchynski PA, Guy R (2021) ‘Our biographies are the same’: Juvenile Work in Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations from the Perspective of a Collective Trajectory. Br J Criminol 61(4):946–964

Clark A, Fraser A, Hamilton-Smith N (2021) Networked territorialism: the routes and roots of organised crime. Trends in Organized Crime 24(2):246–262

Collier B, Clayton R, Hutchings A, Thomas D (2021) Cybercrime is (often) boring: Infrastructure and alienation in a deviant subculture. Br J Criminol 61(5):1407–1423

Costantino F, Di Nicola A (2021) Entrepreneurial elements of human smuggling rings: findings from a multiple case study. Trends in Organized Crime 24(3):309–323

Creechan JH (2021) Drug Wars and Covert Netherworlds: The Transformation of Mexico’s Narco Cartels. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ

Crokidakis N, Sigaud L (2021) Crime and COVID-19 in Rio de Janeiro: How does organized crime shape the disease evolution? Int J Mod Phys C 39(9):2150122

Cruyff M, Overstall A, Papathomas M, McCrea R (2021) Multiple System Estimation of Victims of Human Trafficking: Model Assessment and Selection. Crime and Delinquency 67(13–14):2237–2253

Currie RJ, Douglas S (2021) Human rights and transnational organized crime. In: Allum F, Gilmour S (eds) The Routledge Handbook of Transnational Organized Crime, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, pp 388–408

dalla Chiesa N (2021) The long march of the ‘Ndrangheta in Europe. Z für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft 133(2):563–586

Daxecker U, Prins B (2021) Pirate Lands: Governance and Maritime Piracy. Oxford University Press, New York

de Mello Neto DM (2021) Self-Regenerating Crime: The Resilient Network of a Sector of Rio de Janeiro’s Drug Trafficking in the 1970s. Dilemas: Revista de Estudos de Conflito e Controle Social 14(1):107–133

Decary-Secours B (2021) The politics of criminal violence in Brazil: State violence, gang and the plebs. Crime Law and Social Change 76(5):525–541

Deiana C, Geraci A (2021) Are wind turbines a mafia windfall? The unintended consequences of green incentives. Reg Sci Urban Econ 89(1):103691

Diaz-Cervero E, Barredo Ibanez D, Macias G, R.A (2021) How Do Journalists in Mexico Report on Organised Crime: Representing the facts, Interpretation and Self-Critique. Medijska Istrazivanja 27(1):49–73

Dohngelich M (2021) Drug Markets in the Time of Covid-19 in Europe and France: A Balance Sheet (Now Enriched). Int J Criminol 8(2):95–108

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Combating Organised Crime A Case Study of Mumbai City Sumita Sarkar & Arvind Tiwari #

etc. It has, however, a broader and encompassing definitional connotation in terms of its nature, pattern and functional criteria. According to the Kefauver Committee (195l), organised crime could be a network of criminal syndicates fundamentally based on �muscle� and �murder� indiscriminately used in running criminal enterprises. Here, the choice of certain words to conceptualise organised crime within legal, the definition accommodates a wide range of diversities so that the exemption from the legal statute would not be applicable through the limitation of legal definition. A pattern of racketeering activity requires at least two acts of designated offences. The criminal group operates beyond the lifetime of individual members and is structured to survive changes in leadership. The criminal group is structured as a collection of hierarchically arranged interdependent offices devoted to the accomplishment of a particular function. It may be highly structured or may be rather fluid. It is, however, distinguishable as the ranks are based on power and authority. The membership of the core criminal group is restricted and based on common traits such as ethnicity, criminal background or common interests. Potential members are subjected to immense scrutiny and are required to prove their worth and loyalty to the criminal group. Rules of membership include secrecy, a willingness to commit any act for the group and intent to protect the group. In return for loyalty, the member receives economic benefits, certain prestige and protection from law enforcement agencies. The criminal group relies on continuing criminal activity to generate income. Thus, continuing criminal conspiracy is inherent in organised crime. Some activities such as supplying illegal goods and services directly produce revenue while others including murder, intimidation and burglary contribute to the group�s ability to earn money and enhance its power. The criminal group may be involved both in legitimate as well as illegitimate business activity at the same time. Violence in society is often manifest without any perceptible reason. This violence may be manifested in social gatherings such as marriage parties, etc., and may include damage to property or assault on persons or reckless acts such as firing in the air or driving at high speed in crowded places, etc. The intent, here, is to over-awe and establish an atmosphere of fear in the larger community. Intimidation may be direct and overt, or covert, and may be intended to secure co-operation in the commission of certain unlawful acts, or omission on the performance of some lawful functions. People are threatened to stay away from lawful deals relating to sale or purchase of property, and government officials are threatened in order to secure certain ends through their intervention or coerced oversight. Intimidation is often also exercised to secure compromises or settlements in inter- and intra-gang disputes. This includes display of power by gangs. At times, disorder is purposely created on otherwise orderly social occasions. Functions organised by rivals are disturbed. The public at large is harassed with impunity and without any consideration or regard to legal sanctions. When criminal gangs are involved in legitimate activities, they try to establish monopolies through muscle power. For example: rail contracts in important railway centres, labour contracts in industrial towns and transport contracts in areas of high trading activity. Corruption is a significant indicator of the existence of organised crime. It is one of the important instruments used by criminal gangs. Subversion of enforcement officials is an important indicator of the effectiveness of organised criminal activity. Corruption at higher levels immensely encourages and strengthens criminal syndicates. They are corrupt public officials, attorneys and businessmen who individually or collectively protect the criminal group through abuses of status and/or privilege, collusion and violation of the law. As a result of the protectors� efforts, the criminal group is insulated from both civil and criminal government actions. Corruption is the central tool of the criminal protectors. A criminal group relies on a network of corrupt officials to protect the group from the criminal justice system. basis. Such specialists include pilots, chemists, lawyers, arsonists, hijackers, shooters, etc. and the major patterns of organised crime variously documented in recent years include: Another popular criminal grouping includes the dacoits of the Chambal region till recent times. Several such gangs used to operate in the States of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, and were neutralised as a result of police action and the social reform movement. (illegal money transfer system) racket, where unscrupulous exporters started obtaining export license on the strength of bogus export orders, and made huge profit by arranging foreign remittances through channels. M.N. Singh estimates that total transactions in the country stood at Rs. 305 billion a year in 1994. This currency flight continues to be a lucrative underworld operation. The Mumbai bomb blast-case accused, such as Tiger Memon and Moolchand Shah alias Choksi, channelised their illegal earnings through this route, which they also used to fund their bombing operations. . (conclaves) in his area of influence to settle disputes. operations. In later years, he diversified his illegal activities into smuggling, dock thefts and contract killing, ruling the city�s underground for over a decade till the mid-nineteen eighties. he started off as a petty criminal and had the sympathies of Bombay (now Mumbai) Police due to his father�s connections. He used to assist smugglers to recover money from those who did not keep up their �word�. In the nineteen seventies, other gangs had become relatively weak and he took advantage of the vacuum, taking up smuggling of gold and silver. He built up his criminal empire with the help of his brothers and close associates, and was responsible for the elimination of hundreds of criminals belonging to rival gangs. The liberal bail policy pronounced by the Supreme Court helped him consolidate his gang. In the nineteen eighties, he became the most feared gangster of Mumbai. However, fearing for his life at the hands of rival gangs, he fled to Dubai, though his criminal network remained virtually intact. He currently controls his gang�s operations with complete impunity, as there is no extradition treaty between India and Dubai or Pakistan, and authorities in these countries have refused to extradite him � and, indeed, deny his presence on their soil despite overwhelming evidence. He also attempted to win social respectability by playing host to many influential politicians and film stars in Dubai. and Chota Shakeel. (extortion money) from vegetable vendors, hawkers, bootleggers and smugglers. Due to a clash of interests, his gang had several violent skirmishes with the Arun Gawli gang, not only outside jail but even within the jail premises, where members of both the gangs were lodged, resulting in several killings. This gang has a strength of about 200 criminals. Amar Naik was killed on August 9, 1996, and the mantle of leadership has now fallen on the shoulders of Ashwin Naik, his younger brother, an engineer by profession. Subsequent to the 1993 serial blasts in Mumbai, Dawood�s gang was divided on communal lines and Chota Rajan fell out with Dawood and fled from India. He raised a new gang in 1994-95. According to an estimate, the membership of this gang numbers about 800. His areas of operation are in the States of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi. He is essentially a drug-trafficker and contract killer. He joined hands with Arun Gawli and was responsible for the killing of Sunil Samant, a trusted lieutenant of Dawood Ibrahim, in Dubai in 1995. It was a retaliatory killing. He has targeted many Dawood loyalists and his gang has also suffered in retaliatory actions. Chota Rajan is presently operating from South East Asia. Year Total Cognizable Crimes (IPC) Violent Crimes Property Crimes Economic Crimes Incidence % To Total Incidence % To Total Incidence % to Total (1) (2) (3) {4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1953* 607954 49578 8.2 403946 67.1 NA - 1961 625651 55726 8.9 355473 56.8 26891 4.3 1971 952581 124380 13.1 501011 52.6 32323 3.4 1981 1385757 193224 13.9 579599 41.8 39347 2.8 1991 1678375 246252 14.7 495015 29.5 49428 2.9 1992 1689341 251952 14.9 477863 28.3 52455 3.1 1993 1629936 232554 14.3 443454 27.2 50846 3.0 1994 1635251 235228 14.4 425100 26.0 50581 3.1 1995** 1695696 249980 14.7 410813 24.2 48384 2.9 1996 1709575 249087 14.6 400082 23.4 51987 3.0 1997 1719820 249200 14.5 390396 22.7 52533 3.1 1998 1779111 255710 14.4 406922 22.9 55712 3.1 % Change in 1991 Over 1961 168.3 341.9   39.33   83.8   % Change in 1991 over 1981 21.1 27.4       25.6   % Change in 1998 Over 1997 1.8 0.0         1 * Data available from 1953 onwards only. ** Arson and Dowry Death cases included in Violent crime since 1995; hence data before 1994 not comparable from 1995 onwards NA stands for not available. Source : Crime in India, 1997, Ministry of Home Affairs. According to the Crime in India report for the year 1998, the total number of incidents of crime reported in the country was 6,180,996, wherein 1.779 million cases were reported under the Indian Penal Code (IPC), followed by 4,401,855 under the State laws, which showed an overall increase in the incidences of crime over the preceding five years. Table 1 reveals that, over the decades, there is a significant trend especially with regard to violent crime, property crimes and economic offence, with percentage/change in 1991 over 1961 being 341.9 in the case of violent crime. In property crimes, it is 39.33 per cent and in economic offences 83.8 per cent whereas percentage change in 1991 over 1981 in violent crimes and economic crimes are 27.4 and 25.6 per cent respectively. Overall, total cognisable crimes (consisting of three major categories viz. violent, property and economic offence) percentage have changed in 1991 over 1961 (i.e. over three decades to about 168.3 per cent) The increasing incidence in property crime and economic offences is linked to the widening range of organised networks of crime in India, which are gradually getting more and more complex due to the changing nature and mode of operations in terms of sophisticated weaponry, financial transaction and communication systems. Thus, cheating, a non-violent type of offence (38,173 incidences registered in the year 1998) showed a steep rise of 68.1 per cent over the decade 1988-98. At the other end, a serious kind of organised crime like drug trafficking, under the Narcotic Drug and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act of 1986, also witnessed a rise of 36.8 per cent in the decade of 1988-98. Similarly, under the Explosive and Explosive Substances Act, there is an increase of 31.7 per cent cases during the decade 1988-98. It is important to mention that in the cases involving arms, drugs, and explosives and explosive substances, Uttar Pradesh has reported the highest number of incidences. It would be interesting to note that the data available from Crime Branch, Mumbai, (up to June 2001) shows that, in Mumbai�s gang land activities, a large number of recruitments are from the State of Uttar Pradesh. In the Indian context, the focus areas of organised crime are smuggling, drug trafficking, arms trade, hawala , circulation of fake currency notes, extortion and contract killing. Smuggling, consisting of clandestine operations leading to unrecorded trade, is a major economic offence. The volume of smuggling depends on the nature of fiscal policies pursued by the government. The nature of smuggled items and the quantum thereof is also determined by the prevailing fiscal policies. India has a vast coastline of approximately 7,500 kms and also open borders with Nepal and Bhutan. The sub-continent is prone to large scale smuggling of contraband and other consumable items. Though it is not possible to quantify the value of contraband goods smuggled into India, it is possible to have some idea of the extent of smuggling from the value of contraband seized, even though this may constitute a very small proportion of the actual volume of smuggling. Table 2 shows the value of smuggled goods seized. The high point of smuggling was in the year 1990, when contraband worth Rs. 7.6 billion was seized. Introduction of various liberalisation measures, such as the revised gold and silver import policies in 1992-93, have had their impact on seizures that declined by 30 per cent (Rs. 5.36 billion in 1992) and subsequently to Rs. 3.89 billion in 1993-94. In 1987, gold occupied the top position amongst smuggled items, followed by narcotics, electronic watches and silver. In 1995, however, narcotics occupied the number one position followed by gold, electronics, foreign currency and synthetic fabrics. 29 Table 2: Value of Smuggled Goods Seized 1988-1998 Source : UNAFEI, Resun Matusen No, 1999 Drug Trafficking It is perhaps the most serious organised crime affecting the country and is truly transnational in character. India is geographically situated between the countries of the Golden Triangle 30 and the Golden Crescent, 31 and is a transit point to the West for narcotic drugs produced in these regions. India also produces a considerable amount of illicit opium, part of which also finds place in the illicit market in different forms. Illicit drug trade in India centres around five major substances, namely, heroin, hashish, opium, cannabis and amphetamines. Seizures of cocaine, amphetamines and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) are not unknown but are insignificant and rare. 32 Table 3: Seizure of Narcotic drugs & Number Of Persons Involved 1991-1995 (in kilograms) Our borders have traditionally been most vulnerable to drug trafficking. In 1996, out of the total quantity of heroin seized in the country, 64 per cent was traced to the Golden Crescent. 33 The Indo-Myanmar border is also quite sensitive but the percentage of seizures is much smaller. The India-Sri Lanka border has also started contributing considerably to the drug trade. The seizure of narcotics from 1991 to 1995, and persons involved, is shown in Table 3. In 1995, 13,554 persons, including 130 foreign nationals, were arrested under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act. Illegal Arms Trade Light arms proliferation is a global phenomenon. It has extracted a heavy toll in terms of human lives and socio economic development of entire regions, costs of which can never be adequately computed. In Afghanistan, the death toll due to arms rivalry has crossed the 1,00,000 mark and is still rising, while Cambodia, Sri Lanka and some African states continue to witness conflict-related deaths in their thousands. India has also suffered due to trafficking in illicit arms. The twin phenomena of rising crime combining with armed conflicts and terrorism are directly linked to the global proliferation and movement of weapons. The Purulia Arms Drop Case is the most glaring example of illicit arms trafficking. On December 17, 1996, an Antonov 26 aircraft dropped over 300 AK 47/56 series rifles and 20,545 rounds of ammunition, Drangnov sniper weapons, rocket launchers and night vision devices in the Purulia village of West Bengal State. 34 The aircraft was bought from Latvia for US $ 2 million and chartered by a Hong Kong registered company, Carol Airlines, and payments were made primarily through foreign bank accounts. The aircraft was ferried to Thailand where it was registered. After a dry run over the airdrop area, the aircraft moved to Bulgaria from where the consignment of arms was picked up using an end-user certificate issued by a foreign country. According to data reported in Crime in India (1997), the violation of Arms Act showed a steady increase of 38.3 per cent over the decade 1987-97. The highest incidence (51,326), constituting 69.3 per cent of the total cases under the Arms Act, were reported from Uttar Pradesh. The crime rate varied from a minimum of 0.1 per cent in Karnataka and Goa to a maximum of 31.9 per cent in Uttar Pradesh against a national average of 7.8 per cent. In Mumbai, illicit arms trade is increasing at an alarming rate. In the nineteen seventies and early eighties, Mumbai gangsters primarily used knives and daggers. However, the scene completely changed with the entry of sophisticated weaponry, and currently the underworld is reported to be using the AK series of assault rifles, carbines, 9mm pistols, hand grenades and machine guns, among other weapons. The following recoveries are illustrative: The serial bomb blast case in Mumbai in 1993 led to the recovery of: Table 4: Types of Arms Recovered after Serial Blasts in Mumbai, 1993 Source : Crime Branch, Mumbai Police In 1992, the arrest of Lal Singh alias Manjit Singh, a Sikh terrorist, led to the recovery of arms and ammunition worth Rs. 2 crores in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, from the Abdul Latif gang. Recovery of 10 AK-56 rifles, 51 magazines, 110 hand grenades and 3,300 cartridges from Mohammed Shariff and Naseemuddin of the Dawood Ibrahim gang on October 16, 1998. One AK-56 rifle, a sten gun, a revolver, six magazines and 126 rounds of ammunition were recovered in April 1999 from Peter John D�Souza of the Chhota Rajan gang. Two AK-56 rifles with 173 rounds, 9 revolvers with 171 rounds, and seven star pistols of 9 mm caliber along with 205 rounds of ammunition, were recovered on October 13, 1999 from Hanif Haji Ismail Sumania from a building in Bandra, Mumbai. On December 30, I999, police arrested some agents of the Pakistani external intelligence agency, the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), involved in the hijacking of Indian Airlines aircraft IC-814 from Kathmandu, Nepal, and recovered two AK-56 rifles, five hand grenades, four anti-tank TNT shells, a huge quantity of ammunition and Improvised Explosive Devices (IED). The following recoveries made by Gujarat Police also indicate the hand of organised criminal groups in gun running activities: Recovery of 24 AK-56 assault rifles, Russian hand grenades and ammunition from village Jamia in the Ujjain district of the State of Madhya Pradesh in October 1995. Recovery of two AK-56 rifles from Gajju Khan Pathan, a Municipal Corporator of Ahmedabad city in Gujarat. Recovery of 115 automatic pistols, 750 cartridges, 13 magazines, four kilograms of RDX, 10 detonators, 48 long electric wires at Mehsana, Gujarat, on December 23, 1996, from Ajmer in the State of Rajasthan. Border Security Force (BSF) seized four AK-56 rifles, seven bolt action rifles and 22 Chinese-made pistols in Kutch, Gujarat on January 17, 1997. 35 The first two recoveries were made from the associates of Dawood Ibrahim. The third and fourth recoveries showed that weapons were being pushed into India from Pakistan across the land border in Kutch (Gujarat) and Rajasthan. The sea route was used in the year 1993 to bring in shiploads of explosives and firearms and the landings were organised along the western coast of Gujarat and Maharashtra. There are indications that small arms are also being brought in by the air route, although no significant recovery has been made as yet. One of the major thrust areas of the Mumbai Police in recent times has been the recovery of firearms that are being increasingly used in gangland killings. Country-made weapons as well as foreign-made weapons are being smuggled into the city by criminal elements. Country-made weapons originate primarily from the States of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, where the illicit arms business is run almost like a cottage industry. In the last three years, Mumbai Police have recovered large quantity of firearms originating from various States, as indicated below: Table 5: Statement on Origin of Seized Weapons �Mumbai Source : Crime Branch, Mumbai, June 2001. Mumbai has also been used as a transit point for drug trafficking. The break-up of Soviet Russia has opened new routes for Mumbai. At present, Mandrax tablets, manufactured in mofussil Maharashtra, find their way through Mumbai to South Africa, Mauritius and other countries. 36 The ISI of Pakistan and other terrorist groups channel drug money into the illicit arms trade. In India, Dawood Ibrahim largely controls drug trafficking. 37 Hawala / Money Laundering Business Hawala or money laundering refers to the conversion of illegal and ill-gotten money into legal money so that it can be integrated into the legitimate economy. Proceeds of drug-related crimes are an important source of money laundering the world over. Money laundering indicates a serious threat not only to the criminal justice system but also to the country�s sovereignty. The tainted illegal money is being accumulated and integrated into the economy by organised racketeers, smugglers, economic offenders and anti-social elements and it adversely affects the internal security of the country. Investigations into hawala -related crimes are conducted under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA). Even though the word hawala has not been defined in FERA, the essence of the Act is that any person who retains foreign exchange abroad or sends foreign exchange abroad without the Reserve Bank of India�s permission is guilty of violating FERA provisions. Hawala operations received a boost with the economic liberalisation policy introduced during 1991-92. According to the crime branch of the Mumbai Police, hawala transactions went up to $ 112 million during 1993-94. The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) investigated a couple of commercial fraud cases involving repatriation of millions of rupees. Money was received in India through banks on account of exports which had, in fact, not taken place and the custom documents submitted to the banks and Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) were found to be forged. However, cash, according to Crime Branch reports, has become India�s top export after economic reforms. In the context of Mumbai, hawala operations played a significant role in the 1993 Mumbai serial bomb blast case and were primarily routed through Tiger Memon, Moolchand Shah alias Choksi, Mohammed Dosa and others. 38 Circulation of Fake Currency Notes In recent years, the arrival of fake currency notes by land as well as air routes appears to have increased. The man who handles these operations in Dubai is Aftab Bakti, who works in tandem with Habib Khan and Iqbal Mujahid, an ISI agent from Pakistan. 39 They use Indian expatriates in Dubai as carriers who are paid Rs. 7000 in cash and air ticket as compensation for carrying the contraband. They are given parcels containing fake currency notes wrapped in aluminium foil and concealed in toy boxes or flower vases. On arrival at the airport, they are allowed to pass through the Green Channel by obliging customs officials. A contact man meets the carrier outside the terminal building by a pre-arranged signal and the parcel is handed over to him. In a July 2000 detection, Mumbai Police recovered approximately Rs. 150 million in fake currency notes, mostly in Rs. 500 denomination and partly in Rs. 100 denomination, and arrested 20 persons. 40 The contact person in Mumbai was Ismail Murani Sayyed alias Kassam. Akhtar Moharram Hussain Farooqui was looking after the distribution network. Similar recoveries were made in the States of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Delhi by the DRI and Customs. There is sufficient ground to believe that fake currency notes are being printed in the Pakistani Security Press. Furthermore, Dawood Ibrahim has been reportedly working in tandem with the ISI to undermine the Indian economy. Extortion ( Hafta ) One of the most threatening activities by Mafia gangs in India is extortion ( hafta) . Extortion was almost non-existent in Mumbai city till the end of the nineteen eighties. Today, it is a major concern for the city�s Police. Mafia gangs have started terrorising people from all walks of life for extortion. Almost all the prominent gangs of Dawood Ibrahim, Chhota Rajan, Shakeel, Abu Salem, etc, are involved in the extortion racket in Mumbai. All big business personalities are their targets. In the case of well-known and rich personalities, if money is not paid, an example is made of a couple of �targets� who are killed in order to terrorise and secure the compliance of others. Chhota Shakeel, Fahim, Salim, Chiplun and Rashid Malbari operate the biggest extortion racket on behalf of Dawood Ibrahim through the Dubai-Karachi-Mumbai network. Table 6: Extortion Cases Source : Crime Branch, Mumbai. This practice predominantly exists in all big cities like Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai. It is generally operated by local gangsters or goondas , popularly referred to as bhai , under the umbrella of big names like Dawood Ibrahim, Chhota Rajan, Chhota Shakeel, Babloo Srivastava etc. Hafta is usually collected as �protection� money from middle-range and small businessmen. Contract Killing The offence of murder is punishable under section 302 of the Indian Penal Code by life imprisonment or a sentence of death, but this has little deterrent value, as the chance of detection in contract killings is quite low. The method adopted in contract killings is to engage a professional gang for a monetary consideration. Part of the prefixed amount, paid in advance, is called supari . The rest of the payment is made after the commission of the crime. The Mumbai gangs specialise in contract killings. The amount they charge is quite large and varies with the socio-economic status of the targets. The Dawood Ibrahim gang has been responsible for the killing of several rich businessmen, industrialists and politicians. Gulshan Kumar, the Mumbai music magnate, was one of the high profile victims of this scourge. 41 With special focus on Mumbai city, there are a few other areas of business that organised criminals/mafia have entered, including the construction, film, hotel and cable industries. Construction Industry Land is the most precious commodity in Mumbai and has naturally attracted the attention of the underworld. Builders have used them as musclemen and in many instances they have themselves been rendered victims of their greed. Many gangsters transformed themselves into builders as the construction industry allowed enough scope for ploughing black money. The following prominent builders have been killed in the past: The Dawood gang killed Om Praksh Kukreja on September 18, 1995, as he was perceived to be close to the Chhota Rajan gang. 42 Vallabhbhai Thakkar was shot dead by the Arun Gawli gang on April 17, 1997, because he was close to the Dawood Ibrahim gang. 43 Abu Salem gang killed Praveen Jain on March 7, 1995. 44 Shantilal Patel was shot dead by the Arun Gawli gang on 1991. 45 The Arun Gawli gang killed Natwarlal Desai on August 18, 1997, over certain financial transactions. 46 Majid Khan, another important figure in the construction industry, was killed by the Chhota Rajan gang on March 1, 1999. 47 Table 7 shows incidents of attacks on builders and people connected with the real estate business. Table 7: Attacks by Criminals on Builders/Real Estate Agents Source : Crime Branch, June 2000. Film Industry The Film industry in Mumbai provides direct employment to approximately 500,000 people and indirect employment to nearly another one million. It has an annual turnover of approximately Rs. 12.50 billion. 48 A significant proportion of its transactions takes place in black money. The underworld has developed a strong business interest in all the departments of the film industry. Many film artists and other film personalities are known to keep direct contacts with the underworld. This has led to coercion, threats and even physical assault in which many have died, as indicated in Table 8. Table 8: Attacks on Film Personalities in Mumbai Hotel Industry Having made their entry into business activities mentioned above, underworld gangs and organised crime syndicates have also made a foray into the hotel industry, the annual turn over of which is Rs. 7.2 billion. Table 9 lists some prominent victims of organised criminal violence from the hotel industry in Mumbai. Table 9: Attacks on Hoteliers Source: Crime Branch, Mumbai Police. Cable Industry Criminal gangs are vying with each other to establish control over the cable industry. In addition to extorting money from cable operators, they also force cable companies to appoint their cronies as sub-area operators. Gangs have obstructed the use of latest scientific technology like fiber optics in the cable industry. In Mumbai, the Arun Gawli gang killed executive Ram Jethanand Panjabi on September 11, 1998. On April 14, 1999 cable operator Vijay Dattaram Lad was killed, again by the Arun Gawli gang as he reportedly refused to meet their extortion demand. Chhota Rajan's brother Deepak reportedly runs a company called Cable Cop in Mumbai, which offers film producers protection from cable TV operators who telecast their new movies without authorisation. 49 Deepak, according to police sources charges producers between Rs 25 and 50 lakh. According to senior police sources, initially, the producers associate themselves with the mafia to gain a foothold in the industry. 50 However, after they make their mark, the mafia gangs demand their share. Characteristics of Mumbai Gangs 51 Based on field data, a few observations regarding the characteristics of gangs in Mumbai are delineated. Approximately 25 per cent of the gangsters belong to the age group between 19-25 years and another 30 per cent belong to the age group between 25-35 years. Approximately 5 per cent constitute the age group between 41-60 years. Qualifications It is found that most of the young gangsters do not attain education up to 10 th standard level (approximately 80 per cent) while approximately 16 per cent reach the Higher Secondary Stage (HSC). Only about 4 per cent had reached graduation level or post graduation degrees. Table 10: Qualification-wise analysis of accused arrested by Anti-Extortion Cells from 01.01.98 to31.12.98 to 10 Source : Crime Branch, Mumbai Ethnic Background Traditionally, a large proportion of migrants to Mumbai have originated from the two northern States of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, as also from within a few regions of Maharashtra itself. Interviews with police officials and youth reveal that migrants primarily emerge from the four eastern districts of Uttar Pradesh and parts of Bihar. Some of them also originate from the Nagpur and Aurangabad regions of Maharashtra. Predominantly, as perceived by the police officials � who are mostly of Hindu origin � the main recruits to the Mumbai underworld belong to the Muslim community. A few hard-core organised gangs, patronised by the gang leaders with Muslim origin, facilitate this. This attribution of a Muslim identity is not devoid of the usual bias carried by the Hindu majority who consider the Muslims as non-conformists and violent in behaviour. Living Conditions and Environment A majority of the youth drawn into the gangs is from the dense slum locations where the residents are always looking out for better opportunities. These youth come in contact with the slumlords or gang leaders and are attracted to the money, power and the glamour enjoyed by their local gang leaders. They are aware of the narratives of making �easy money� through unlawful activities and fall prey to the world of crime. The media also plays an important role in raising their aspirations and trying their luck in the �city of gold and silver.� These youth are exposed to the stark reality of slums, which is full of misery and deprivation. To escape such darkness they rush to an illusory light, which is momentary and also life threatening. The family background also influences the entry into crime world according to some respondents. Domestic quarrels, alcohol consumption by father/brother, gambling dens, pleasure seeking peer groups and sexual abuses are experiences that impel the youth to anomie. Crammed living conditions and over population are also factors conducive to pathological development. The gangs are not based in terms of region or religion of their recruits but subsequent to the 1993 serial bomb blasts, the Hindu gangsters have substantially disassociated themselves from the Dawood Ibrahim gang. III. Strategies to Combat Organised Crime Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA), 1999 With the object of combating organised crime in the city, the Maharashtra government enacted the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA) in the year 1999. Under MCOCA: 1. Whoever commits an offence of organised crime shall, if such offence has resulted in the death of any person, be punishable with death or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to a fine; subject to a minimum fine of rupees one hundred thousand; in any other case, be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to a fine, subject to a minimum of rupees five hundred thousand. 2. Whoever conspires or attempts to commit or advocates, abets or knowingly facilitates the commission of an organised crime or any act preparatory to organised crime, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to a fine, subject to a minimum of rupees five hundred thousand. 3. Whoever harbours or conceals or attempts to harbour or conceal any member of an organised crime syndicate shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to a fine, subject to a minimum of rupees five hundred thousand. 4. Any person who is a member of an organised crime syndicate shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to a fine, subject to a minimum of rupees five hundred thousand. 5. Whoever holds any property derived or obtained from commission of an organised crime or which has been acquired through organised crime syndicate funds shall be punishable with a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine, subject to a minimum of rupees two hundred thousand. If any person on behalf of a member of an organised crime syndicate is, or, at any time has been, in possession of movable or immovable property which he cannot satisfactorily account for, he shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to 10 years and shall also be liable to fine, subject to a minimum of rupees one hundred thousand and such property shall also be liable for attachment and forfeiture, as provided by Section 20. The opinion of about 120 police officials and 20 public prosecutors was sought to determine whether MCOCA was proving a significant deterrent to organised crime in Mumbai. Responses suggested that it was difficult to secure bail in MCOCA cases and that this gave the Act some �punch�. In other criminal cases, a policy had been laid down by Justice Krishna lyer in 1977 that �made bail and not jail� the credo of the judiciary, which had helped offenders to secure easy release. Many organised criminals, thus, escaped from the clutches of law and entered into a pattern of hardcore recidivism. For example, Dawood Ibrahim, along with seven others, had robbed a businessman on February 4, 1974. All the accused were arrested in this case but later released on bail. They were convicted on July 3, 1977, and sentenced by the Sessions Court for a period of 7 years rigorous imprisonment. However, by that time, they had left India and Dawood had established his underworld network. Thus, organised criminals take full advantage of such �judicial liberalism� and a soft bail policy, much to the disadvantage of the people and law enforcers. Under MCOCA, �not bail but jail� becomes the controlling principle. Furthermore, to deal with MCOCA cases, the following important judicial provisions have also been made: Jurisdiction of Special Courts Every offence under MCOCA is to be tried only by a Special Court within whose local jurisdiction it was committed or as the case may be by the Special Court constituted for trying offences under Subsection (1) of Section 5. i. In MCOCA cases, access is given to Police that instead of 90 days of cases concerned, officer can file charge sheet within 180 days. ii. After producing the accused in the court within 24 hours, in MCOCA cases, an arrested person can be kept under police custody for 30 days instead of the 15 days in ordinary criminal cases. Protection of Witness Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code, the proceedings under this Act may be held in camera if the Special Court so desires. A Special Court may, on an application made by a witness in any proceeding before it or by the Public Prosecutor in relation to such witness or on its own motion, take such measures as it deems fit for keeping the identity and address of any witness secret. In particular, and without prejudice to the generality of the provisions of sub-section (2), the measures which a Special Court may take under that sub-section may include: the holding of the proceedings at a place to be decided by the Special Court; the avoiding of the mention of the names and addresses of the witnesses in its orders or judgements or in any records of the case accessible to public; the issuing of any directions for securing that the identity and addresses the witnesses are not disclosed; that, it is in the public interest to order that all or any of the proceeding pending before such a Court shall not be published in any manner. Any person who contravenes any direction issued under subsection (3) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to one year and with fine that may extend to one thousand rupees. For the protection of witness, it is laid down that, if not willing, the witness need not be produced in Court. Thus, under such a judicial dispensation, there is no fear of victimisation. Especially in MCOCA cases, it is said that a Police Officer not below the rank of Superintendent of Police should be supervising the case (i.e. Deputy Commissioner or higher rank officials). Only in MCOCA cases, if the arrested gang member wants to confess, his/her voice can be recorded by some Deputy Commissioner of Police or an Officer of higher rank, and such confession is admissible by Court. But, the Deputy Commissioner of Police or higher rank officer who would record the confession should not be investigating or supervising the case. On the basis of opinion given by 120 Police Officials including Commissioner of Police, Joint Commissioner (Crime), Deputy Commissioner (Crime) Zonal Deputy Commissioner of Police, CBI Officers, etc., and 10 Public Prosecutors, 10 Defence lawyers and two Judges dealing with MCOCA cases, this paper puts forth the following propositions for combating organised crime. Any effective strategy to deal with organised crime has to deal with each one of these features adequately. For this purpose, police and other law enforcement agencies need to be strengthened. There should be utilisation of specially selected teams with specially trained young officers known for their integrity and such officers should be given a relatively long tenure. There should be a multi-disciplinary approach with the team comprising of officials from Police, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), DRI, Enforcement Directorate (ED), Income Tax, Intelligence Bureau (IB), Customs, etc. There should be specialists in banking, accountancy and financial analysis, computer operations etc for building up a data bank on organised crime and updating the same. There should be adequate levels of intelligence sharing with various agencies at State and Central levels. In all these areas, while a few police forces, like the Mumbai Police, have acquired some expertise, there is still a great deal to be done to control the growing menace of organised crime in other parts of India. It is clear that the Indian Police and in fact the Indian criminal justice system are not adequately geared to deal with the growing menace of the organised crime. Primarily, the police lack (a) adequate legal instruments, (b) specialised training, (c) responsive organisational structures, (d) technical resources, (e) effective co-ordination mechanisms with other agencies, and (f) adequate intelligence to deal with organised crime. There is also no sense of urgency on the part of the government in remedying these deficiencies. A new law to control organised crime has been talked about at the national level for the last four years, but Maharashtra is perhaps the only State which has passed such a separate legislation, and the outcome of implementation is still to be assessed. The first point to be noticed about organised crime is that the actual perpetrator of crime is a mercenary or a foot soldier, and the brain behind the organised crime is somewhere else, even far away from the country and out of the clutches of law. The �soldiers� or actual perpetrators are, moreover, increasing in number. Under the existing legal framework and the work ethos of the Indian Police, the maximum that can be done is to arrest the foot soldiers. For instance, if arms are smuggled, efforts are directed towards arresting the person who is actually smuggling the arms. Once he is arrested, the focus of investigations and the prosecution is to chargesheet him and get him convicted as quickly as possible, rather than to unearth the entire conspiracy. Once the conviction takes place, the investigating officer is happy that he has successfully prosecuted the case. The top or even the second and third line leadership of the gangs remains untouched. The system and the laws do not encourage the investigating officers at the top to go deep into the matter, to unravel the entire conspiracy and to destroy the criminal organisation. Firstly, it requires a great deal of time to unravel all these aspects. Secondly, the exiting provisions relating to conspiracy under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) make it difficult to obtain the conviction of all concerned. Thirdly, even if the case is successfully prosecuted, it only accounts for disposal of one case while evaluating the work of the officer. Thus, even though the police claim to have solved a majority of the crimes committed by organised gangs, in effect they have not been able to administer a crippling blow to any gang. Organised crime can only be destroyed when the financial power of the organisation is broken. This requires expertise in financial and accounting matters, understanding methods of money transfer, including hawala deals, acumen for financial analysis, etc. The police organisations in India are yet to build such expertise. Such expertise will never be fully available within the department, and there must also be a system of collaboration by which the requisite expert advice can be obtained from outside the enforcement set-up, and even internationally. The required type of expertise can only be built when separate task forces to handle organised crime are created and officers are given sufficient tenures on the job. Every policeman cannot investigate organised crime. It is only special task forces working in close co-operation with the police stations, which can achieve results. The special task forces also require technical resources for surveillance, for monitoring telecommunications, information technology (IT) specialists, etc. Given the modern techniques employed in the commission of organised crimes, task forces thus constituted must be duly assisted by IT specialists, financial analysts, banking, legal and other experts. While the police department may employ a few of such experts, it will be necessary to constitute panels of such experts whose services can be availed of by the police from time to time, depending on the requirement. Most importantly, there is a need to evolve an effective co-operative mechanism for timely sharing of information and for co-ordinating the work of different agencies investigating different aspects of various cases or organisations, so as to a achieve the common objective of building a strong case against a gang. Unfortunately, the efforts at co-operation made between various agencies, including the State Police and various Central organisations, have not been very successful. The objective of an investigation into organised crime should be the prosecution of gang members at all levels of its hierarchy, and particularly, the top leadership. In addition, the law has to deal with organised crime on a footing different from that of conventional crime, as regards (a) admissibility of evidence, (b) appreciation of the evidence, and (c) sentencing. The argument whether there should be a special law for controlling organised crime or whether additional provisions can be made in the existing laws is not really relevant. It is, however, evident that the existing legal framework for trial and sentencing is hardly appropriate and commensurate with the challenges posed by the problem. The reasons why this inappropriate legal framework persists may be partly rooted in a lack of critical awareness of social realities, but it is certainly also the case that quite a few among the dominant sections of society and the political leadership seem to have developed vested interests in the imperfections of the existing legal framework. Organised crime, more often than not, has political overtones. Any concerted effort to address and resolve the problem will consequently require the support of all major political parties. At present, the responses to organised crime at all important stages of the criminal justice system � investigation, trial and sentencing, and the post-conviction detention stage � are inadequate and imperfect, both in terms of intensity and the nature of response. The substantive law, the procedural law and the limited resources provided to investigating and prosecuting agencies to tackle organised crime, and the ability of the elite to frustrate investigations, all hamper any practical possibility of seriously curbing organised crime. There are various reasons as to why organised crime should be treated differently from traditional individual criminality. Firstly, the enormous power and influence wielded by such organisations; secondly, the much greater potential physical and economic harm caused to society by organised crime; and thirdly, the enormity and seriousness of the implications of organised crime for the political, social and legal systems that stand discredited by their presence. Conspiracy is an integral aspect of organised crime. Therefore, the issue of whether the evidence of conspiracy is relevant under Section 10 of the Evidence Act assumes importance. However, the interpretation accorded to Section 10 of Evidence Act by which only that evidence which justifies furtherance of common intention is made relevant is not conducive to secure convictions in organised crime trials. The role and the value of approver evidence in organised crime trials has to be viewed in the light of this new form of criminality and its potential for harm. Two aspects are particularly significant: (i) the degree and quality of corroboration required needs to be varied in cases of organised crime; and (ii) the approver deserves to be protected from the fellow criminals. Measures also need to be taken to protect the next of kin and others who are exposed to risk because of their relationship with the approver. Though the joint liability or group liability principle is accepted under Indian law, our laws still fail to criminalise various categories of undesirable organisations or enterprises as such. All these lacunae are covered in the US by the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organisations (RICO) Act. The burden of proving certain actions should be shifted upon the accused, by providing rebuttable presumptions, like if it were proved that the accused has kidnapped, the presumption would be that it is for ransom. A defective legal system creates ample room for the accused (in a given case) to evade the intent of the law. As the case goes under judicial scrutiny, the role of the public prosecutor and defence lawyer comes into focus. It has been observed more often than not that there is a lack of proper liaison between the police and public prosecutors. Public prosecutors are usually paid by the government and are often not sufficiently competent to sustain an independent practice. To increase earnings, there is a need to take up additional number of cases, which at times goes beyond their capacity to handle. A Chief Public Prosecutor (PP) disclosed that usually three to four cases are dealt with by a PP on any given day. Since the government pays them, no personal liaison is established between the victim/client and PP, whereas, a defence lawyer has a personal equation with the client, as he/she is also concerned with his/her commercial profit and reputation. The PPs and judges dealing with MCOCA cases have no specialised background to deal with such trials. They are merely transferred from ordinary civil and criminal courts, and have no specialised exposure or training that equips them to deal with organised crime. This results in a failure to appreciate the unique character of these crimes, and the dangers they constitute to the structure of society and the security of the state. The need that these types of cases have to be dealt expeditiously was accepted when Special Courts were set up for their trial. Unfortunately, even the Special Courts take a long time to dispose of such cases. The Mumbai Serial Blasts case illustrates the point. The blasts occurred on March 12, 1993 and police filed chargesheets on November 4, 1993 (i.e., in less than eight months) whereas the Special Court framed charges in May 1995. Among the 145 accused persons arrested, 98 were enlarged on bail. (A total number of 387 bail applications have been filed indicating that multiple applications have been filed by the same accused). A total of 4,399 miscellaneous applications were filed (till December 1999), the intention of defence at times being quite simply to obstruct and derail the trial process. The Court is required to decide on all these applications. More often than not, due to the large number of pending cases, courts are blamed for the chronic delay in trial. As on July 23, 2001, since 1999, 40 cases had been registered under MCOCA. Out of these, six cases resulted in conviction, while some cases were discharged. Eight cases were still pending investigation and 23 cases were pending trial. There is a case of a Special Court dealing with only one case and the trial is yet to be completed. This proves that the �villain� is not the number of pendancies, but our legal procedures, which need radical simplification. (1) The process of framing charges should be made simple, like committal proceedings; Sections 227 and 228 of the Criminal Procedure Code (Cr.PC) may be suitably amended; (2) There should be only one appeal on facts and procedures; (3) Witnesses need not be called to appear in the witness box as a matter of routine. In many cases, their evidence could be taken as an affidavit and this would cut down delays. (4) Immunity is granted to the accused for securing his evidence against the co-accused under Sections 306 and 307 of the Cr. PC. Not many of the accused presently wish to become approvers, as they do not benefit significantly from such a choice. For example, in the existing law, if the approver is in jail, he would continue to be in jail till the termination of the trial. If the trials are fast, the approver would not mind. But, trials are protracted and take decades to be terminated. The result is that the accused (approver) is not willing to co-operate while he remains in jail for such a long period. To illustrate, in the Rajghat case 52 , the approver remained in jail for 10 years and the co-accused got punished only 12 years after conviction. The law needs to be amended to the effect that the approver will be released on bail after his testimony in the court is completed, subject to the condition that the investigating agency has no objection. This may perhaps encourage some accused to become approvers. The Way Forward If the need to deal with cases of organised crime differently and as a distinct category is accepted, an effective response would be to enact a separate Organised Crime Code rather than making patchwork amendments to the IPC. The existing laws of extradition have also been of little help. Certain fugitives like Anis Kaskar, Dawood Ibrahim, Tiger Memon, Chhota Rajan, etc, wanted for serious offences in India, have been living in various countries abroad and our law enforcers are totally helpless. Merely enacting special laws is, however, not adequate. Police and other investigating agencies should not be lulled into inaction till a special law is enacted, or after such a law is in place, but should vigorously pursue investigation. We need to develop specialised infrastructure for investigation and prosecution of such crimes. Stricter control on possession of illegal firearms and explosives, and also provisions for enhanced punishment for those found in possession of ordnance type of bombs/hand grenades, explosives like RDX, etc, are needed. The criminal-intelligence system also needs to be immensely strengthened. As one of the essential features of organised crime is its determined effort at subverting the police, administrative, political and judicial systems, those who collaborate with organised crime need to be severely dealt with under law. Such compromised elements need to be taken out of the system. Role of Media and Community Awareness Mass Media, both print and electronic, can play a significant role in leading an awareness programme against organised crime. As has been the trend in the present era, commercialisation has engulfed all spheres of life including the media. The glorification of crime through the media is the dominant trend, and this creates an illusion of a certain glamorous life style that does not exist in reality. The media can play an important role in portraying a real picture of the phenomenon and also attempt to build trust between the police and citizenry. Indeed, the media could play an effective role in creating awareness about the severity of organised criminal activity. A large number of people living in different areas of Mumbai city, such as Nagpada, Agripada, Kurla, Chembur, Bhendi Bazar, etc., have expressed their dissatisfaction with the present situation, stating that liaison between the police and public is a myth. Specifically, in the slum areas, people directly blame the police for indulging in extortion, reportedly not even sparing petty shopkeepers. At the other end, a large number of lower-rank police personnel state that people living in such areas support and encourage criminality and even provide shelter to many gangsters, creating a mystique around them as � bhai � , and harbouring hopes that they would themselves be leaders of the locality in future. If organised crime is to be curbed in the city, it is imperative that the citizenry be involved in its prevention, and that public opinion is built up against such crimes. In this complex process, the media can act as a catalyst, because it has the strength and influence to reach out to people and to create mass awareness. This paper was presented at the All India Criminology Conference, organised by the National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi, November 1-3, 2001.   Sumita Sarkar is a Doctoral Candidate at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.   Arvind Tiwari is Reader, Department of Criminology and Correctional Administration, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. For details see, M.L. Sharma, The Organised Crime in India , Tokyo: United Nations Asia and Far East Institute (UNAFEI), 1999, vol. 54, p. 24; T A Pasha, Current Problem in the Combat of Transitional Organised Crime , Tokyo: UNAFEI, 1999, p. 147; J F Marine, The Threat Posed by Transnational Crime , Tokyo: UNAFEI, 1999, vol. 54, p. 25. A Mafia-like criminal organisation in the region of Campania and the city of Naples in Italy. Of controversial origin, it first came to light in 1830. Its activities spread by intimidation, blackmail, and bribery until Naples was controlled by it. The Camorra appears to have been used by the Bourbon rulers of Naples as a quasi-police network to crush opposition. Efforts to break the power of the Camorra, begun in the 1880s, culminated in the 1911 murder trial at which numerous members were convicted. The Camorra was suppressed and supplanted after Benito Mussolini�s take-over in 1922. Source: The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition, 2001, http://www.bartleby.com/65/ca/Camorra.html Headed by Estes Kefauver, Democratic Senator from Tennessee, USA, it was the first committee made up of Senators from around the country organised to not only gain a better understanding on how to fight organised crime, but also to expose organised crime for the conglomerate empire that it was. See http://www.murderinc.com/feds/kefauver.html . Sharma, Organised Crime in India , p. 88. Marine, The Threat Posed by Transnational Crime , p. 25. M N Singh, "Organised Crime in India", a paper presented at the Kumarappa lecture, Tata Institute for Social Sciences, Mumbai, March 2001. See "The Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999", www.pucl.org/reports/Topics/Law/2002/maharashtra-crime.htm . It refers to serious crimes that either significantly affect more than one country or are carried across national borders and thus involve criminal activity in more than one country. It would be correct to say that all serious and sophisticated activities involve some degree of organised crime. Transnational crime is not only committed by organised groups but also by individual offenders. For details of the spread and magnitude of transnational crime, see, M.L. Sharma, Organised Crime in India , Tokyo: United Nations Asia and Far East Institute (UNAFEI), 1999, vol. 54, p. 24; T A Pasha, Current Problem in the Combat of Transitional Organised Crime , Tokyo: UNAFEI, 1999, p. 147; J F Marine, The Threat Posed by Transnational Crime , Tokyo: UNAFEI, 1999, vol. 54, p. 25. Thuggee , a cult of assassins who worshipped the Hindu goddess Kali, terrorised British India. The Thugs considered their many victims as sacrifices to Kali. Thugs used to waylay and strangulate unsuspecting travellers on the high roads of India in the British and pre-British period. Major General Sir William Sleeman played a key role in the final suppression of the Thugee cult. See James Sleeman, Thug, or A Million Murders , London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1933. For instance see, M.L. Sharma, Organised Crime in India , UNAEFI. Crime Branch, Mumbai Police, June 2001. Over 300 persons were killed in the serial bomb blasts in Mumbai on March 12, 1993. Source: Crime Branch, Mumbai Police, June 2001. Source: Crime Branch, Mumbai Police, June 2001. Source of information on various criminal gangs and networks is the Crime Branch, Mumbai Police. See "Mumbai's mafia wars", Frontline, Chennai, vol. 16, no. 7, March 27-April, 1999. Abu Salem, hailing from the Azamgarh district in Uttar Pradesh initially worked for Dawood Ibrahim's brother Anees Ibrahim and transported guns across the city. Later, he become Anees's trusted confidant, running his vast film industry-focussed extortion empire. He was put in charge of a key operation in the 1993 serial bombings of Mumbai, organised by the Dawood Ibrahim gang. Abu Salem's job was to liase with two top Karachi-based smugglers, Mustafa Majnu and Mohammad Dosa, who would ferry the explosives used in the bombings. Two major consignments of plastic explosives and assault rifles were landed at Dighi and Shekhadi on the Raigad coast in Maharashtra, from where, hidden in cardboard boxes and sackcloth, they were moved to Mumbai by Abu Salem's aides. After the Mumbai bombings, Abu Salem fled to Karachi with the remaining members of the Dawood's organisation. See "The Underworld: The Great Escape", Frontline , vol. 18, no. 23, November 10-23, 2001. See "Mumbai's mafia wars", Frontline , vol. 16, no. 7, March 27-April 9, 1999. V K Saraf, Formation of Criminal Gangs in Major Cities , Ph.D. Thesis submitted to the Bureau of Police Research and Development, New Delhi, 1999. Sharma, Organised Crime in India , p. 82. Countries that form the Golden Triangle are Thailand, Burma and Laos. Countries that constitute the Golden Crescent are Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. Sharma, Organised Crime in India , p. 82. See "6 foreigners convicted in Purulia arms drop case", www.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/31puru.htm . Source: Crime Branch, Mumbai, June 2000. Crime Branch, Mumbai, June 2001. On August 12, 1998, the Abu Salem group killed Gulshan Kumar, allegedly to help a rival music producer, Nadeem Akhtar Saifi. See "The Underworld: The Great Escape", Frontline , vol. 18, no. 23, November 10-23, 2001. See "Multi-crore projects bite dust as city builders run for cover:, The Indian Express , Mumbai, May 19, 1998. See "Ruin Of A Don", http://entertainment.sify.com/content/weekendstory.asp?news_code_num=245&lang_code=politics . Majid Khan, along with his Dubai-based brother Yakub Khan, was accused of having harboured in a Mumbai factory a quantity of Research Department Explosive (RDX) for the gang of the Dubai-based underworld leader Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar. See "Mumbai's mafia wars", Frontline , Chennai, vol. 16, no. 7, March 27-April 9, 1999. See " Shadow of Fear", The Week , Kochi, March 5, 2000. Based on the field work done by the author on "Youth Anomie" exploring the role of youth in organised crimes in Mumbai city. Data includes approximately 90 per cent of observations of highly crime-affected areas in Mumbai, interviews taken of youth in the organised crime syndicates and expert police officials dealing with the problem of organised crime in Mumbai. An attempt on the life of ex-Premier Rajiv Gandhi was made on October 2, 1986, at Rajghat where he had gone to pay homage to Mahatma Gandhi. Concealed behind the overgrowth on a canopy, a Sikh youth, Karamjit Singh, repeatedly fired at him from a country made gun. See "Attempts made on the life of Shri Rajiv Gandhi", www.india-today.com/jain/vol3/chap2.html . Karamjit Singh, a resident of Sangrur district of Punjab, under went a jail term of 13 years and seven months under Section 307 (attempt to murder) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and TADA as ordered by a designated Delhi Court. See "Rajiv Gandhi case convict released", www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000504/punjab.htm#7 . Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. We're Hiring! Help Center Organised and dis-organised crime scenes and serial murderers. Organised crimes are carried out by people who can differentiate between right and wrong, they are individuals who may have withdrawn from social activities, they bring their own weapon to the crime scene and take it after they have used it, dispose the body far away from the scene, leaving no fingerprint or traces which can come back to them Related Papers Psychology Public Policy and Law Natalia Canter The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice Michael Levi The Informer Jay Albanese This commentary is designed for those trying to better understand the concept of organised crime and, more importantly, explain its significance and reach to others, such as students, policymakers, and the general public. The full text is available at: https://shoc.rusi.org/informer/what-organised-crime-describing-it-single-diagram The RUSI Journal The organisation of … Anna Markina Bulletin de l'Institut etnographique Aleksandra Bulatović This paper provides an insight into the phenomenology of organised crime as a historical and contemporary experience, and discusses issues related to understanding and definitions. Since the social environment determines significance of organised crime in society, the paper highlights influence of political context in normative design of organised crime acts through the presentation of the genesis of criminal organisation. The paper also offers an analysis of the essential conceptual connections between various understanding of organised crime, primarily in the sense in which it is reflected in the norms, given that normative definitions of organised crime are typically influenced by the understanding of how organised crime generates social danger. By offering historical and anthropological overview of organised crime normative regulation, the authors seek to contribute to a deeper understanding of this socially destructive phenomenon and related challenges in social control state o... Chrysa Mantziou David V . Canter The dichotomous classification of serial killers into either Organized or Disorganized is widely cited and utilized. Yet only one, small-scale, empirical test of such a model can be found in the scientific literature and that study is open to a number of serious challenges. Despite many obvious weaknesses in the clarity and reliability of this typology it is commonly cited as a basis for the production of ‘offender profiles’ to help police investigations and has, on occasion, formed the foundation of some prosecution arguments in murder trials. Murder scene information, available from law enforcement agencies provides the potential for systematic analysis that can be used to test the assumptions underlying the organized/disorganized dichotomy. Well-established psychometric procedures provide a basis for testing the model by examining the underlying structure within the co-occurrence of those crime scene actions proposed as crucial constituents of the model. As a first step in testin... Homicide Studies Matt Hopkins Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice Loading Preview Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. RELATED PAPERS Maximilian Querbach Pekka Santtila Djordje Ignjatović Emmanuel Caliwan, J.D. 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Research Home Publications Research on transnational organized crime The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime defines organized crime groups broadly, encompassing most forms of profit-motivated crime.  Aside from its work on specific markets (drugs, trafficked persons, smuggled migrants, firearms, and wildlife), UNODC has conducted a number of regional studies on the full spectrum of organized criminal activities. Starting with Crime and Development in Africa (2005), many of these studies have taken the form of Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessments (TOCTAs) .  In addition to providing a description of the mechanics of illicit trade, the TOCTAs explore the reasons why a region is vulnerable to organized crime and the impact that this crime is having on social, economic, and political development.  The political impact of organized crime can include corruption, loss of democratic participation, instability, and conflict. Regional studies have included those in West, Central, and East Africa; East Asia and the Pacific, Central America and the Caribbean, and South-eastern Europe.  In 2021, UNODC is conducting its first national TOCTA, in Nigeria. Reports/publications Drug trafficking in the Sahel Gold trafficking in the Sahel Smuggling of migrants in the Sahel Fuel trafficking in the Sahel Firearms trafficking in the Sahel Trafficking in medical products in the Sahel Haiti assessment UNODC Organized Crime in Nigeria: A Threat Assessment False trades: uncovering the scale and scope of trafficking in cultural property, 2022 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons , 2020 Global Study on Firearms Trafficking , 2020 World Wildlife Crime Report , 2020 Final report from the MACRO project , 2020 Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia: Evolution, Growth and Impact,  2019 Global Study on Smuggling of Migrants , 2018 World Wildlife Crime Report , 2016 Transnational Organized Crime in the Pacific: A Threat Assessment , 2016 Transnational Organized Crime in Eastern Africa:  A Threat Assessment , 2013 Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assessment , 2013 Transnational Organized Crime in West Africa: A Threat Assessment , 2013 Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean: A Threat Assessment , 2012 Organized Crime and Instability in Central Africa: A Threat Assessment , 2011 The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment , 2010 Transnational Trafficking and the Rule of Law in West Africa: A Threat Assessment , 2009 Crime and its impact on the Balkans and affected countries , 2008  Drug Trafficking as a Security Threat in West Africa , 2008 French version , Portuguese version Cocaine Trafficking in West Africa, 2007 Crime and Development in Central America: Caught in the Crossfire , 2007 Spanish version Crime, Violence and Development: Trends, Costs and Policy Options in the Caribbean (jointly with the World Bank), 2007   Crime and Development in Africa,  2005 Research reports by other entities International practices to measure, monitor and evaluate corruption levels and anti-corruption policies Evaluación de Calidad Estadística del Sistema Nacional de Información Criminal (SNIC) de la República Argentina National Survey on Victimization and Perception of Public Safety: A good practice / Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepciónsobre Seguridad Pública: Una buena práctica (bilingual English/Spanish) Local Safety Audit in the Municipality of Queretaro Measuring organized crime (OC) in Latin America: A methodology for developing and validating scores and composite indicators for measuring OC at national and subnational level Fraud Alert Legal Notice 245 COMMENTS The Inside Story on 5 Organized Crime Cases and the People Who A closer look at 5 fascinating organized crime cases. 1. The St. Valentine's Day Massacre and Capone's downfall. , is known as the date of one of the most violent events ever to occur in Chicago gang history. The infamous Al Capone and George "Bugs" Moran ran opposing enterprises on the north and south sides of Chicago, respectively. Major Cases Major Cases for Organized Crime. Bonnie and Clyde. Notorious crime couple Clyde Champion Barrow and Bonnie Parker were shot to death by officers in an ambush near Sailes, Bienville Parish ... Organized Crime Module 8 Exercises: Case Studies Case Study 1 (Controlled Delivery) On 13 June 2011, the French authorities requested the help of the Moroccan Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale - the countries' national security agency - to organize a controlled delivery. This operation sought to dismantle a criminal organization specialized in drug trafficking between Morocco and ... The Organized Crime Cases: Moves and Countermoves To obtain accessible versions of our products for use by those with disabilities, please contact the HLS Case Studies Program at [email protected] or +1-617-496-1316. Educator Materials. Watermarked educator copies for this product are available free of charge to educators and staff at non-profit institutions. Organized Crime Module 7 Exercises: Case Studies Case Study 3 (Operation Eagle, Cook Islands) Between September 2010 and May 2011, the Cook Islands Police, assisted by the New Zealand Police, conducted an undercover operation that successfully dismantled a cannabis trafficking ring in the Cook Islands. The operation involved around thirty officers, eighteen of them from New Zealand. The Growth of Organized Crime in the United States Geographic: Chicago, New York. Industry: Bootlegging; Organized Crime. Event Start Date: early 1900s. Accessibility. To obtain accessible versions of our products for use by those with disabilities, please contact the HLS Case Studies Program at [email protected] or +1-617-496-1316. Educator Materials. PDF "Crime that is organized": A Case Study on Gangs in Chicago's state, or local authorities, and the reliability of information on modern organized crime. 59 Tim Hall, "Geographies of the illicit: Globalization and organized crime," in Progress in Human Geography 37(3) (2013), 365. that may be used to guide this study also had to be questioned. This study was also. Subject Organized Crime Sort By: Featured Items Newest Items Best Selling A to Z Z to A By Review Price: Ascending Price: Descending Sort By: Select your option Published Old-New Published New-Old Author A-Z Author Z-A Recent publications on organized crime: the year 2020 When opportunity knocks: mobilizing capabilities on serious organized economic crime. Public Money and Management 40 (5):397-406. Nakamura, Kiminori, Tita, George, Krackhardt, David (2020). Violence in the "balance": a structural analysis of how rivals, allies, and third-parties shape inter-gang violence. Organized Crime Module 12 Exercises: Case Studies The exercises and case studies in this section focus on organized crime approaches. To access exercises and case studies on crime prevention typologies, please visit the relevant sections (case studies; exercises) of Module 2 on Crime Prevention of the Teaching Module Series on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. Organized Crime Module 1 Exercises: Case Studies Case studies. Case Study 1 (United States v. Viktor Bout) Viktor Bout, an arms dealer from Russia, was arrested by the Royal Thai Police in Thailand in 2008. In 2010, Bout was extradited to the United States to stand trial on terrorism charges after having been accused of intending to smuggle arms to the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ... The exclusion of serious and organised offenders and their victims from Offenders and victims were given the opportunity to engage in a restorative justice initiative and individual cases were pursued accordingly as a series of case studies. Case studies were limited to large-scale serious and organised fraud. Stark differences in views were apparent between serious and organised crime experts and restorative ... Digest of Organized Crime Cases The purpose of Digest of Organized Crime Cases is to illustrate good practices in dealing with organized crime cases and in doing so, to, promote the practical implementation of the Organized Crime Convention and its Protocols. The Digest presentes a compilation of illustrative cases and related good practices in criminalization, investigations ... PDF 2013 Windle This paper adds to the sparse literature of the activities of British organised crime1 by detailing a single case study of a network centred on three legitimate security companies. 1 The lack of academic contribution is most evident in a review by Wright (2006) of organised crime in the UK. The review relies almost entirely on journalistic ... The Problems Faced Fighting Against Organized Crimes Globally and the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Training: The TADOC Case Study by Fatih Vursavas Thesis Director: Professor Leslie Kennedy ABSTRACT Organized crime groups which benefit from the opportunities of technology in a globalized world are involved in highly extensive cross border activities. A great many factors, such as economic instability ... Organised Crime Chapter six explores the growth of organized crime within the United States as a case study of how organized crime groups operate in free-market capitalism. Remaining chapters address the new wave of organized crime groups; the character and dynamics of organized crime in Great Britain as a case study; and the ways in which Great Britain ... Recent Publications on Organized Crime: the year 2021 Global Crime 22 (4):265-287. Altamirano Rayo G (2021) State Building, Ethnic Land Titling, and Transnational Organized Crime: The Case of Honduras. Latin Am Res Rev 56 (1):50-66. Martinez A, Ibanez Alonso I (2021) Mexican organized crime and the illegal trade in totoaba maw. Trends in Organized Crime 24 (4):526-546. PDF THE THREAT OF TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME Urban violence and crime are on the rise in developing countries; from 1980 to 2000, recorded crime rates increased by almost one third. In developing coun-tries, an estimated 60% of all urban residents have been victims of crime over the past five years, rising to 70% in Latin America and Africa.26. Combating Organised Crime: A Case Study of Mumbai City The first systematic study of organised crime was conducted by V.K. Saraf, Commissioner of Police (Retd), Mumbai City, 1995, in which he traced the origin of organised criminal gangs in the city, their criminal activities and the inter-gang warfare. He also highlighted the main characteristics of the Mumbai gangs. Organized crime and its origins: a comparative case study This thesis seeks to shift away from the traditional direction of research concerning organized crime, such as an organization's characteristics, role in society or affect on international crime. Instead it determines the societal elements which allow for the initial appearance of criminal organizations and that permit them to strengthen and ... Organized Crime Module 4 Exercises: Case Studies Case Study 4 (Organized Crime Infiltration of the Police) Benoît Roberge - a police officer of the Montreal Police Service, Canada - was found guilty of participation in a criminal organization under the Canadian Criminal Code, section 467.11. He had participated or contributed by act or omission to the activity of a criminal organization for ... Organised and dis-organised crime scenes and serial murderers Organised and disorganised crime scenes Case study of organised and disorganised crime scene and various serial murder/s tactics This guilty party was a White male who at 30 years old started murdering female whores, the majority of them White. He was received and experienced childhood in a huge urban region. Research on Transnational Organized Crime Research on transnational organized crime. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime defines organized crime groups broadly, encompassing most forms of profit-motivated crime. Aside from its work on specific markets (drugs, trafficked persons, smuggled migrants, firearms, and wildlife), UNODC has conducted a number of ... assignment essay homework paper phd resume review speech thesis