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Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 1 Answer Key

Cambridge 13 reading test 1 answers, reading passage - 1, case study: tourism new zealand website.

Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers

• environment
• accommodation

Reading Passage - 2

Why being bored is stimulating - and useful, too.

Why being bored is stimulating - and useful, too reading answers

Reading Passage - 3

Artificial artists.

Artificial artists reading answers

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Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 1 with Answers

Cambridge ielts 13 academic reading test 1, reading passage 1, case study: tourism new zealand website.

New Zealand is a small country of four million inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-generating markets of the world. Tourism currently makes up 9% of the country’s gross domestic product, and is the country’s largest export sector. Unlike other export sectors, which make products and then sell them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New Zealand. The product is the country itself – the people, the places and the experiences. In 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new brand position to the world. The campaign focused on New Zealand’s scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the world.

A key feature of the campaign was the website www.newzealand.com, which provided potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway to everything the destination had to offer. The heart of the website was a database of tourism services operators, both those based in New Zealand and those based abroad which offered tourism service to the country. Any tourism-related business could be listed by filling in a simple form. This meant that even the smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity provider could gain a web presence with access to an audience of long-haul visitors. In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis, the information provided remained accurate. And to maintain and improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme whereby organisations appearing on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of agreed national standards of quality. As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was considered.

To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site also carried features relating to famous people and places. One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Umaga. Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand’s stunning scenery as a backdrop. As the site developed, additional features were added to help independent travelers devise their own customised itineraries. To make it easier to plan motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season and indicating distances and times.

Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which allowed visitors to click and ‘bookmark’ places or attractions they were interested in, and then view the results on a map. The Travel Planner offered suggested routes and public transport options between the chosen locations. There were also links to accommodation in the area. By registering with the website, users could save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out to take on the visit. The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website.

The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby awards for online achievement and innovation. More importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New Zealand was impressive. Overall tourism expenditure increased by an average of 6.9% per year between 1999 and 2004. From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an average annual rate of 13% between 2002 and 2006, compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits abroad.

The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organisations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and interests. On the website, visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the activity. This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%. The more activities that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will be. It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a  marae  (meeting ground) to learn about traditional Maori life. Many long-haul travelers enjoy such learning experiences, which provide them with stories to take home to their friends and family. In addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don’t want to be ‘one of the crowd’ and find activities that involve only a few people more special and meaningful.

It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical destination. New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small businesses. It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with a reliable transport infrastructure. Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit. However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere – the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly website.

Questions 1-7

Complete the table below. Choose  ONE WORD ONLY  from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes  1-7  on your answer sheet.

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes  8-13  on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                if the statement agrees with the information FALSE               if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN     if there is no information on this

8    The website www.newzealand.com aimed to provide ready-made itineraries and packages for travel companies and individual tourists. 9    It was found that most visitors started searching on the website by geographical location. 10    According to research, 26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation. 11    Visitors to New Zealand like to become involved in the local culture. 12    Visitors like staying in small hotels in New Zealand rather than in larger ones. 13    Many visitors feel it is unlikely that they will return to New Zealand after their visit.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on  Questions 14-26  which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Why being bored is stimulating – and useful, too

This most common of emotions is turning out to be more interesting than we thought

We all know how it feels – it’s impossible to keep your mind on anything, time stretches out, and all the things you could do seem equally unlikely to make you feel better. But defining boredom so that it can be studied in the lab has proved difficult. For a start, it can include a lot of other mental states, such as frustration, apathy, depression and indifference. There isn’t even agreement over whether boredom is always a low-energy, flat kind of emotion or whether feeling agitated and restless counts as boredom, too. In his book,  Boredom: A Lively History , Peter Toohey at the University of Calgary, Canada, compares it to disgust – an emotion that motivates us to stay away from certain situations. ‘If disgust protects humans from infection, boredom may protect them from “infectious” social situations,’ he suggests.

By asking people about their experiences of boredom, Thomas Goetz and his team at the University of Konstanz in Germany have recently identified five distinct types: indifferent, calibrating, searching, reactant and apathetic. These can be plotted on two axes – one running left to right, which measures low to high arousal, and the other from top to bottom, which measures how positive or negative the feeling is. Intriguingly, Goetz has found that while people experience all kinds of boredom, they tend to specialise in one. Of the five types, the most damaging is ‘reactant’ boredom with its explosive combination of high arousal and negative emotion. The most useful is what Goetz calls ‘indifferent’ boredom: someone isn’t engaged in anything satisfying but still feels relaxed and calm. However, it remains to be seen whether there are any character traits that predict the kind of boredom each of us might be prone to.

Psychologist Sandi Mann at the University of Central Lancashire, UK, goes further. ‘All emotions are there for a reason, including boredom,’ she says. Mann has found that being bored makes us more creative. ‘We’re all afraid of being bored but in actual fact it can lead to all kinds of amazing things,’ she says. In experiments published last year, Mann found that people who had been made to feel bored by copying numbers out of the phone book for 15 minutes came up with more creative ideas about how to use a polystyrene cup than a control group. Mann concluded that a passive, boring activity is best for creativity because it allows the mind to wander. In fact, she goes so far as to suggest that we should seek out more boredom in our lives.

Psychologist John Eastwood at York University in Toronto, Canada, isn’t convinced. ‘If you are in a state of mind-wandering you are not bored,’ he says. ‘In my view, by definition boredom is an undesirable state.’ That doesn’t necessarily mean that it isn’t adaptive, he adds. ‘Pain is adaptive – if we didn’t have physical pain, bad things would happen to us. Does that mean that we should actively cause pain? No. But even if boredom has evolved to help us survive, it can still be toxic if allowed to fester.’ For Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our ‘attention system’ into gear. This causes an inability to focus on anything, which makes time seem to go painfully slowly. What’s more, your efforts to improve the situation can end up making you feel worse. ‘People try to connect with the world and if they are not successful there’s that frustration and irritability,’ he says. Perhaps most worryingly, says Eastwood, repeatedly failing to engage attention can lead to state where we don’t know what to do any more, and no longer care.

Eastwood’s team is now trying to explore why the attention system fails. It’s early days but they think that at least some of it comes down to personality. Boredom proneness has been linked with a variety of traits. People who are motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly. Other personality traits, such as curiosity, are associated with a high boredom threshold. More evidence that boredom has detrimental effects comes from studies of people who are more or less prone to boredom. It seems those who bore easily face poorer prospects in education, their career and even life in general. But of course, boredom itself cannot kill – it’s the things we do to deal with it that may put us in danger. What can we do to alleviate it before it comes to that? Goetz’s group has one suggestion. Working with teenagers, they found that those who ‘approach’ a boring situation – in other words, see that it’s boring and get stuck in anyway – report less boredom than those who try to avoid it by using snacks, TV or social media for distraction.

Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder speculates that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom. ‘In modern human society there is a lot of overstimulation but still a lot of problems finding meaning,’ she says. So instead of seeking yet more mental stimulation, perhaps we should leave our phones alone, and use boredom to motivate us to engage with the world in a more meaningful way.

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs,  A-F Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number,  i-viii , in boxes  14-19  on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i            The productive outcomes that may result from boredom

ii           What teachers can do to prevent boredom

iii          A new explanation and a new cure for boredom

iv          Problems with a scientific approach to boredom

v           A potential danger arising from boredom

vi          Creating a system of classification for feelings of boredom

vii         Age groups most affected by boredom

viii         Identifying those most affected by boredom

14    Paragraph  A 15    Paragraph  B 16    Paragraph  C 17    Paragraph  D 18    Paragraph  E 19    Paragraph  F

Questions 20-23

Look at the following people (Questions  20-23 ) and the list of ideas below.

Match each person with the correct idea,  A-E .

Write the correct letter,  A-E , in boxes  20-23  on your answer sheet.

20    Peter Toohey

21    Thomas Goetz

22    John Eastwood

23    Francoise Wemelsfelder

List of Ideas

A      The way we live today may encourage boredom.

B      One sort of boredom is worse than all the others.

C      Levels of boredom may fall in the future.

D      Trying to cope with boredom can increase its negative effects.

E      Boredom may encourage us to avoid an unpleasant experience.

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below. Choose  ONE WORD ONLY  from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes  24-26  on your answer sheet.

Responses to boredom

For John Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is that people cannot  24 ……………………………, due to a failure in what he calls the ‘attention system’, and as a result they become frustrated and irritable. His team suggests that those for whom  25 ……………………….. is an important aim in life may have problems in coping with boredom, whereas those who have the characteristic of  26 ……………………….. can generally cope with it.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on  Questions 27-40  which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Artificial artist?

Can computers really create works of art?

The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the score. Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious galleries. And software has been built which creates are that could not have been imagined by the programmer.

Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts regularly. If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. ‘It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.’

To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised art. The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realise the programmer’s own creative ideas.

Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for material. The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media sites. It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from scratch. One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and sky. While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art. After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a photo. ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points out. ‘The same should be true of a machine.’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected results. Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality. Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour palette – so why should computers be any different?

Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who ‘have had millennia to develop our skills’. Others, though, are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and subtle as our best artists. So far, only one has come close. Composer David Cope invented a program called Experiments in Musical Intelligence, or EMI. Not only did EMI create compositions in Cope’s style, but also that of the most revered classical composers, including Bach, Chopin and Mozart. Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Bach. Not everyone was impressed however. Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software worked. Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist’s creative impulses. When audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch him. Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI’s vital databases.

But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when the discovered how it was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian University provides a clue. He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six compositions. The participants weren’t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each one. People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was human. This was true even among the experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their analyses.

Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative process behind the work. This can give it an ‘irresistible essence’, says Bloom. Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that people’s enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was needed to create it. Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell them. It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut short – there’s nothing to explore. But as technology becomes increasingly complex, finding those greater depths in computer art could become possible. This is precisely why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration: hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to us.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter,  A ,  B ,  C  or  D .

Write the correct letter in boxes  27-31  on your answer sheet.

27    What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first paragraph?

A    People’s acceptance of them can vary considerably. B    A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field. C    They have had more success in some artistic genres than in others. D    the advances are not as significant as the public believes them to be.

28    According to Geraint Wiggins, why are many people worried by computer art?

A    It is aesthetically inferior to human art. B    It may ultimately supersede human art. C    It undermines a fundamental human quality. D    It will lead to a deterioration in human ability.

29    What is a key difference between Aaron and the Painting Fool?

A    its programmer’s background B    public response to its work C    the source of its subject matter D    the technical standard of its output

30    What point does Simon Colton make in the fourth paragraph?

A    Software-produced art is often dismissed as childish and simplistic. B    The same concepts of creativity should not be applied to all forms of art. C    It is unreasonable to expect a machine to be as imaginative as a human being. D    People tend to judge computer art and human art according to different criteria.

31    The writer refers to the paintings of a chair as an example of computer art which

A    achieves a particularly striking effect. B    exhibits a certain level of genuine artistic skill. C    closely resembles that of a well-known artist. D    highlights the technical limitations of the software.

Questions 32-37

Complete each sentence with the correct ending,  A-G  below.

Write the correct letter,  A-G , in boxes  32-37  on your answer sheet.

32    Simon Colton says it is important to consider the long-term view then

33    David Cope’s EMI software surprised people by

34    Geraint Wiggins criticized Cope for not

35    Douglas Hofstadter claimed that EMI was

36    Audiences who had listened to EMI’s music became angry after

37    The participants in David Moffat’s study had to assess music without

A      generating work that was virtually indistinguishable from that of humans.

B      knowing whether it was the work of humans or software.

C      producing work entirely dependent on the imagination of its creator.

D      comparing the artistic achievements of humans and computers.

E      revealing the technical details of his program.

F      persuading the public to appreciate computer art.

G     discovering that it was the product of a computer program

Questions 38-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes  38-40  on your answer sheet, write

YES                   if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO                    if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

38    Moffat’s research may help explain people’s reactions to EMI.

39    The non-experts in Moffat’s study all responded in a predictable way.

40   Justin Kruger’s findings cast doubt on Paul Bloom’s theory about people’s prejudice towards computer art.

Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 1 Answers

1. update 2. environment 3. captain 4. films 5. season 6. accommodation 7. blog 8. FALSE 9. NOT GIVEN 10. FALSE 11. TRUE 12. NOT GIVEN 13. TRUE 14. iv 15. vi 16. i 17. v 18. viii 19. iii 20. E

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Case Study Tourism New Zealand Website – IELTS Reading Answers

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Updated On Feb 13, 2024

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Table of Contents

Reading passage.

• ‘Case Study Tourism New Zealand website’ IELTS Reading Answers With Location and Explanation 
• Tips for Answering the Question Types in the ‘Case Study Tourism New Zealand website’ IELTS Reading Answers

Limited-Time Offer : Access a FREE 10-Day IELTS Study Plan!

The IELTS Reading Module offers a fantastic chance to achieve excellent scores. It assesses a candidate’s reading comprehension skills in English. You must comprehend the various question types in order to perform at your best in this area. Ideally, you should not spend more than 20 minutes on a passage.

The Academic passage, Case Study Tourism New Zealand Website reading answers, appeared in an IELTS Test. Try to find the answers to get an idea of the difficulty level of the passages in the actual reading test. If you want more passages to solve, try taking one of our IELTS reading practice tests.

Let’s see how easy this passage is for you and if you can solve it in 20 minutes.

The question types found in this passage are:

• Table Completion (Q. 1-7)
• True/False/Not Given (Q 8-13)

Do you want to revise the steps to solve the Matching Features questions for IELTS Academic Reading?

Check out IELTS Reading Matching Features Questions !

Case Study: Tourism New Zealand Website 

A New Zealand is a small country of four million inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-generating markets of the world. Tourism currently makes up 9% of the country’s gross domestic product and is the country’s largest export sector. Unlike other export sectors, which make products and then sell them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New Zealand. The product is the country itself – the people, the places, and the experiences. In 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new brand position to the world. The campaign focused on New Zealand’s scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the world.

B A key feature of the campaign was the website www.newzealand.com, which provided potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway to everything the destination had to offer. The heart of the website was a database of tourism services operators, both those based in New Zealand and those based abroad which offered tourism service to the country. Any tourism-related business could be listed by filling in a simple form. This meant that even the smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity provider could gain a web presence with access to an audience of long-haul visitors. In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis, the information provided remained accurate. And to maintain and improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme whereby organisations appearing on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of agreed national standards of quality. As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was considered.

C To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site also carried features relating to famous people and places. One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Umaga. Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand’s stunning scenery as a backdrop. As the site developed, additional features were added to help independent travelers devise their own customised itineraries. To make it easier to plan motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season and indicating distances and times.

D Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which allowed visitors to click and ‘bookmark’ places or attractions they were interested in, and then view the results on a map. The Travel Planner offered suggested routes and public transport options between the chosen locations. There were also links to accommodation in the area. By registering with the website, users could save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out to take on the visit. The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website.

E The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby awards for online achievement and innovation. More importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New Zealand was impressive. Overall tourism expenditure increased by an average of 6.9% per year between 1999 and 2004. From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an average annual rate of 13% between 2002 and 2006, compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits abroad.

F The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organizations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and interests. On the website, visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the activity. This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%. The more activities that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will be. It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn about traditional Maori life. Many long-haul travelers enjoy such learning experiences, which provide them with stories to take home to their friends and family. In addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don’t want to be ‘one of the crowd’ and find activities that involve only a few people more special and meaningful.

G It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical destination. New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small businesses. It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with reliable transport infrastructure. Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit. However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere – the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly website.

Questions 1-7

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write –

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information, FALSE if the statement contradicts the information, NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.

8 The website www.newzealand.com aimed to provide ready-made itineraries and packages for travel companies and individual tourists.

9 It was found that most visitors started searching on the website by geographical location.

10 According to research, 26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation.

11 Visitors to New Zealand like to become involved in the local culture.

12 Visitors like staying in small hotels in New Zealand rather than in larger ones.

13 Many visitors feel it is unlikely that they will return to New Zealand after their visit.

‘ Case Study Tourism New Zealand website ’ IELTS Reading Answers With Location and Explanation 

1  Answer: update

Question type: Table Completion

Answer location: Paragraph B

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in the 8th and 9th lines that, “In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis….”.

2 Answer: environment

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in the last line that, “As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was considered.”

3 Answer: Captain

Answer location: Paragraph C

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in the 1-3 lines that, “….One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Umaga.”

4 Answer: films

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in the 4th and 5th lines that, “…… was an interactive journey through a number of locations chosen for blockbuster films …….”.

5 Answer: season

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in the 8th and 9th lines that, “…. the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season…..”.

6 Answer: accommodation

Answer location: Paragraph D

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in the 4th line that, “….. There were also links to accommodation in the area.”

7 Answer: blog

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in the 6th and 7th lines that, “ ….. The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website.”

8 Answer: FALSE

Question type: TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN

Answer location: Paragraph F

Answer explanation: The response lies in Paragraph 6. The initial two lines indicate that the website’s purpose was to empower individuals and travel organizations to create their own travel plans. The website did not offer pre-packaged itineraries and travel packages.

This assertion directly opposes the information in the passage.

Hence, the answer is FALSE.

9 Answer: NOT GIVEN

Answer explanation: The answer cannot be located within the text. The question pertains to initiating a search on the website.

In Paragraph 6, line 3, the author mentions, “…visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical locations, but also by the particular nature of the activity.” However, there is no information provided regarding how to start a search.

As a result, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

10 Answer: FALSE

Answer explanation: The answer can be found in lines 4, 5, and 6 of paragraph 6.

In these lines, it is evident that the question is contradicted. Transportation and lodging makeup 26%, while visitor satisfaction makes up 74%. If only lodging constituted 26%, we could affirm that it is TRUE.

Therefore, the correct answer is FALSE.

11 Answer: TRUE

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in lines 7-9 that, “…. It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn more about traditional life.”

12 Answer: NOT GIVEN

Answer location: Paragraphs F & G

Answer explanation: Staying in hotels is not discussed, and there is also no comparison made between small and large hotels.

Therefore, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

13 Answer: TRUE

Answer location: Paragraph G

Answer explanation: It is mentioned in the 4th and 5th lines that, “Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit.”

Tips for Answering the Question Types in the ‘Case Study Tourism New Zealand website’ IELTS Reading Answers

Let us check out some quick tips to answer the types of questions in the ‘Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website’ Reading Answers passage.

Table Completion:

The way to solve the table completion questions of the IELTS Reading is similar to Summary Completion. You will be asked to fill in the blanks in a small passage given in the form of a note with the relevant words or numbers. So, let us revise the strategies.

• Read the instructions carefully. It will help you determine the word limit (no more than two, one word, etc.) and important terms like ‘using words from the text’ or ‘from the text’. You have to follow these strictly.
• Go through the incomplete table first. Also, think about keywords and how they could be represented by synonyms or paraphrasing.
• Locate where the information is by scanning quickly . If you can’t, move on.
• Study the reading text by using the skimming and scanning techniques . It will help to establish the answer quickly. When scanning for your answer, make sure you are thinking about paraphrasing and synonyms.
• The answers appear in the same order as the questions . Also, check your spelling and remember that your answer should be grammatically correct.

True/False/Not Given

In IELTS Reading , ‘True, False, Not Given’ questions are based on facts. Several factual statements will be provided to you, and it is up to you to determine whether or not they are accurate by reading the text.

To answer this type of question, you can use the following strategies:

• Read the question and identify the keywords – Before reading the material, have a look at your list of True, False, and Not Given questions.
• Scan the passage for synonyms or paraphrased words of the keywords – When you have highlighted the keywords, swiftly read the text to look for paraphrases or synonyms.
• Match the highlighted words in the questions with their synonyms in the text – Once you find both sets of keywords, cross-check them to find the answer.

Identify the answer – If the facts match, the answer is TRUE, and in case it doesn’t match, it is FALSE. If you are unable to find the answer or unsure of it, mark it NOT GIVEN.

Great work on attempting to solve the ‘Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website’ IELTS reading passage! To crack your IELTS Reading in the first go, try solving more of the Recent IELTS Reading Passages.

Also, check :

• In Praise Of Amateurs IELTS Reading Answers
• The True Cost Of Food Reading Answers
• Climate Change And The Inuit Reading Answers
• Zoo Conservation Programmes Reading Answers
• A Workaholic Economy Reading Answers

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‘Case study: Tourism New Zealand website’- Reading Answer Explanation- CAM- 13

Here are explanations of the Questions of passage named ‘Case study: Tourism New Zealand website’, which is from the Cambridge 13 book. The Questions that have been asked are True/False/Not Given and Blanks. You will find the locations of the Reading Answers, Keywords( highlighted and underlined) and justifications.  

READING PASSAGE 1: Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website

Questions 1-7

Complete the table below. Choose  ONE WORD ONLY  from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes  1-7  on your answer sheet.

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes  8-13  on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE               if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN     if there is no information on this

8    The website www.newzealand.com aimed to provide ready-made itineraries and packages for travel companies and individual tourists.

Location: 6 th paragraph

Explanation: The main keyword ‘ready-made itineraries’ helps to locate the answer in the first line of the paragraph. ‘The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organisations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and interests…’The question statement contradicts the passage statement. ‘Create itineraries’ is opposite to the ‘ready-made itineraries’. Thus, the answer is very clear.

Answer: False

9    It was found that most visitors started searching on the website by geographical location.

Explanation: The answer to this question is in the second line of the passage. ‘Visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the activity…’Here, the writer does not give information about the starting of search. Hence, no information available.

Answer: Not Given

10    According to research, 26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation.

Explanation: The main keyword ‘visitor satisfaction’ is in the fourth line of the paragraph. ‘Visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%…’Here, transportation and accommodation account for 26%.But in question statement 26% accounts for accommodation only. Thus, the answer is False.

11    Visitors to New Zealand like to become involved in the local culture. Location: 6 th paragraph

Explanation: The location of the answer is in the middle line of the paragraph. ‘It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive…’Here,  ‘like to become involved in’ is visible as ‘enjoy cultural activities…’Thus, the answer is clear.

Answer: True

12    Visitors like staying in small hotels in New Zealand rather than in larger ones.

Location: Last paragraph

Explanation: Though the writer talks about the visitors in New Zealand. But there is no information regarding hotels in the New Zealand. Thus, no information available.

13    Many visitors feel it is unlikely that they will return to New Zealand after their visit.

Explanation: The location of the answer is in the second last line of the paragraph. ‘Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit…’Here, ‘often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit…’ makes it clear that there is less possibility  that they will return.   Thus, the answer is True.

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IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: Reading Answers

Cambridge 2 Academic Reading Test 2 – Passage 01: IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY with answers location, explanation and pdf summary.

IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY

Within Australia, Australian Hotels Inc (AHI) operates nine hotels and employs over 2000 permanent full-time staff, 300 permanent part-time employees and 100 casual staff. One of its latest ventures, the Sydney Airport hotel (SAH), opened in March 1995. The hotel is the closest to Sydney Airport and is designed to provide the best available accommodation, food and beverage and meeting facilities in Sydney’s southern suburbs. Similar to many international hotel chains, however, AHI has experienced difficulties in Australia in providing long-term profits for hotel owners, as a result of the country’s high labour-cost structure. In order to develop an economically viable hotel organisation model, AHI decided to implement some new policies and practices at SAH.

The first of the initiatives was an organisational structure with only three levels of management – compared to the traditional seven. Partly as a result of this change, there are 25 per cent fewer management positions, enabling a significant saving. This change also has other implications. Communication, both up and down the organisation, has greatly improved. Decision-making has been forced down in many cases to front-line employees. As a result, guest requests are usually met without reference to a supervisor, improving both customer and employee satisfaction .

The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to selecting employees who would fit in with its new policies. In its advertisements, the hotel stated a preference for people with some ‘service’ experience in order to minimise traditional work practices being introduced into the hotel. Over 7000 applicants filled in application forms for the 120 jobs initially offered at SAH. The balance of the positions at the hotel (30 management and 40 shift leader positions) were predominantly filled by transfers from other AHI properties.

A series of tests and interviews were conducted with potential employees, which eventually left 280 applicants competing for the 120 advertised positions. After the final interview, potential recruits were divided into three categories. Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities, Category C was for applicants perceived to be followers, and Category B was for applicants with both leader and follower qualities. Department heads and shift leaders then composed prospective teams using a combination of people from all three categories. Once suitable teams were formed, offers of employment were made to team members.

Another major initiative by SAH was to adopt a totally multi-skilled workforce. Although there may be some limitations with highly technical jobs such as cooking or maintenance, wherever possible, employees at SAH are able to work in a wide variety of positions. A multi-skilled workforce provides far greater management flexibility during peak and quiet times to transfer employees to needed positions. For example, when office staff are away on holidays during quiet periods of the year, employees in either food or beverage or housekeeping departments can temporarily.

The most crucial way, however, of improving the labour cost structure at SAH was to find better, more productive ways of providing customer service. SAH management concluded this would first require a process of ‘benchmarking’. The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a range of service delivery processes across a range of criteria using teams made up of employees from different departments within the hotel which interacted with each other. This process resulted in performance measures that greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improve productivity and quality.

The front office team discovered through this project that a high proportion of AHI Club member reservations were incomplete. As a result, the service provided to these guests was below the standard promised to them as part of their membership agreement. Reducing the number of incomplete reservations greatly improved guest perceptions of service.

In addition, a program modelled on an earlier project called ‘Take Charge’ was implemented. Essentially, Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop horn both customers and employees. Customer comments, both positive and negative, are recorded by staff. These are collated regularly to identify opportunities for improvement. Just as importantly, employees are requested to note down their own suggestions for improvement. (AHI has set an expectation that employees will submit at least three suggestions for every one they receive from a customer.)

Employee feedback is reviewed daily and suggestions are implemented within 48 hours, if possible, or a valid reason is given for non-implementation. If suggestions require analysis or data collection, the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to address the issue and come up with recommendations.

Although quantitative evidence of AHI’s initiatives at SAH are limited at present, anecdotal evidence clearly suggests that these practices are working. Indeed AHI is progressively rolling out these initiatives in other hotels in Australia, whilst numerous overseas visitors have come to see how the program works.

This article has been adapted and condensed fem the article by R Carter (19%), ‘Implementing the cycle of success: A case study of the Sheraten Pacific Division’, Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 34(3): 111-23. Names and other details have been changed and report findings may have been given a different emphasis from the original. W eare grateful to Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources for allowing us to use, file material in this way.

Questions 1-5

Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1. The high costs of running AHI’s hotels are related to their …

A) management.

D) policies.

2. SAH’s new organisational structure requires …

A) 75% of the old management positions.

B) 25% of the old management positions.

C) 25% more management positions.

D) 5% fewer management positions.

3. The SAH’s approach to organisational structure required changing practices in ..

A) industrial relations.

B) firing staff.

C) hiring staff.

D) marketing.

4. The total number of jobs advertised at the SAH was …

5. Categories A, B and C were used to select…

A) front office staff.

B) new teams.

C) department heads.

D) new managers.

Questions 6-13

Complete the following summary of the last four paragraphs of Reading Passage 1 using ONE OR TWO words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.

WHAT THEY DID AT SAH

Teams of employees were selected from different hotel departments to participate in a … (6) … exercise.

The information collected was used to compare … (7) … processes which, in turn, led to the development of … (8) … that would be used to increase the hotel’s capacity to improve … (9) … as well as quality. Also, an older program known as … (10) … was introduced at SAH. In this program,… (11) … is sought from customers and staff. Wherever possible … (12) … suggestions are implemented within 48 hours. Other suggestions are investigated for their feasibility for a period of up to …(13)….

Check out your IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY reading answers below with locations and explanations given in the text.

1.  C 8.  (performance) measures 2.  A 9.  productivity 3.  C 10.  (‘) Take Charge (‘) 4.  B 11.  feedback 5.  B 12.  employee(s’) // staff 6.  benchmarking 13.  30 days 7.  service delivery

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Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website Answer | Ielts Reading Cambridge 13 Test 1 Answers

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This is an IELTS Cambridge 13 Test 1 Reading test Answers. In this post, you will check the Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers, driverless cars reading answers, Artificial artist reading answers. The user can check the answers for reading and analyze their mistakes.

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Tourism New Zealand Website Case Study Reading Answers : Way to Boost Your IELTS Preparation

For now, we have talked a lot about the speaking & listening sections of the IELTS examination. Today, let’s move forward to know more about the IELTS reading section.

The IELTS reading section is an extremely important yet tough exams but it is not possible for one to not crack it in time. All you need is the right reading practice and by that we mean, a lot of it to make sure that you do not cease anywhere while you’re giving the exam during the final attempt. Along with this, you need to tackle a lot of reading passage’s questions and increase your difficulty level every day to make sure that you are easily able to solve all these questions, no matter what type or any sort of questions you’re presented with.

So, today let’s move forward to know more about it.

Case Study Tourism New Zealand Website Reading Answers

The IELTS reading passage topic: Tourism New Zealand Website” is a very common yet interesting topic in the IELTS examination. In the sections below, this topic is divided into different parts to help you practice in a better yet easy manner for this passage.

Tourism New Zealand Website IELTS Reading Answers: Part 1

New Zealand is a small country with a minimum of just four million inhabitants that are spread across the country in a peaceful manner.

Currently, the total GDP of the country has the highest percentage of tourism in it. Tourism contributes to making up to 9% of this country’s GDP and is the largest export sector of the country. Unlike all the other export sectors, tourism is one such sector in this country which helps to bring a lot of its customers to this country. And while we talk about the other products of this country – they are just people, places, and the experiences that are taken out of it.

In the year 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a great campaign which was there to help communicate a new brand position to the world. This campaign focused on New Zealand’s scenic beauty, its exhilarating outdoor activities and the authentic Maori culture that is being followed here which helps in making it the most powerful yet the strongest brands in the world.

ALSO, READ What is a Good IELTS Score? Is 7.5 a Good IELTS Score? Here’s All You Need to Know

Tourism New Zealand Website IELTS Reading Answers: Part 2

A key feature of this campaign was the website that was launched during this period for this country, www.newzealand.com. This website helped in providing great potential visitors to the country with a single gateway to each and everything that the destination had to offer to its people.

But the heart of the business is the database of tourism services operators, both of which are based in New Zealand as well as abroad which helps in providing great tourism services to the country. So, any tourism-related form can be filled easily without taking anybody’s help at all. Further, to maintain the standards and improve them, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme with the help of which organisations that appear on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of the national standards of quality that they all agreed on. And due to this, the effect it had on each of the businesses was considered too.

Tourism New Zealand Website IELTS Reading Answers: Part 3

Further, to communicate the New Zealand experience, this site also carried forward various features related to the famous people and places which was one of the most popular interviews that this country had with the former New Zealand All Blacks Rugby Captain “Tana Umaga.”

Another such feature that helped in increasing a lot of attention towards his country is through the help of those blockbuster films that were made here which helps in providing people with an interactive journey through a number of some amazing yet extremely beautiful locations.

A Travel Planner feature was also added to this list which helped the visitors to click and bookmark the places of attraction for them so that when they visit this country, they’ll have a long list of places to roam around. This planner also helps in suggesting routes and public transport options to the readers in order to easily choose between the locations that they have chosen for them.

Also Read: The Life Cycle of a Star: An IELTS Reading Answers Topic with Questions Solved

Tourism New Zealand Website IELTS Reading Answers: Part 4

New Zealand is not just any typical destination where people could come and roam around; it’s an emotion, a feeling for all those four million people residing here. New Zealand is just a small & pretty country with little less population in it and it creates a visitor economy for the tourists which is generally composed of small businesses. It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with reliable transport infrastructure. And because of the long-haul flights, most visitors have to stay for a long period of time in this country, let’s say, for about a period of 20 days so that they can see as much of the country as is possible for them on a one-time long visit to this country.

Tourism New Zealand Website IELTS Reading Questions

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

#1. Easy for Tourism-related business to get on the list

#2. Allowed businesses to _____________ information regularly

#3. Provided a countrywide evaluation of businesses, including their impact on the _________________

#4. Special features on local topics

Example – an interview with a former sports _________________, and an interactive tour of various locations used in ____________________________

#5. Information on driving routes that varied depending on the ___________________________

#6. Travel Planner • included a map showing selected places, details of public transport and local ________________

#7. ‘Your Words’ • travelers could send a link to their ________________________

#2. Environment

#3. Captain

#6. Accommodation

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, mention

TRUE – if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE – if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN – if there is no information on this

#8. The website “ www.newzealand.com ” created by the tourism department of New Zealand has been aiming to provide some great deals, itineraries, and good-deal packages for the travel companies as well as for all those travel enthusiasts.

#9. Many of the visitors out of these were found to be searching for the information that they want on the official website by the geographical location of the area.

#10. According to research, 26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation.

#11. Many-a-times, it has been noticed that many of the visitors to this country become more involved in the local culture of the country and enjoy it a lot.

#12. Many visitors like staying in small hotels as they like the vibe of such hotels a lot rather than those big, grand, and new ones recently built in the country.

#13. Visitors feel it unlikely to return to the country after their first visit here.

#9. Not Given

#12. Not Given

IELTS Preparation Tips: Reading Section

#1.the two “s”.

By the two S here, we mean Skimming and Scanning, that is to skim and scan the lines of the passage. This requires an individual to go through the reading passage in order to get a general understanding of the content and what could be the answers to the questions that follow behind it.

#2.Good Reading Speed

While practising for the IELTS reading section, an individual is asked to read as many passages as he/she can in order to increase their reading speed. This can further help an individual a lot in the future.

#3.Don’t Understand the Full Passage

While sitting in the exam hall, the aim of an individual should not be to understand the entire passage completely because this will put the ability to answer the questions in a timely manner to the test. And after all, your only aim should be to just find the correct answers to the questions.

After reading the above paragraph, we hope that you might have understood it well and have got an idea of how you can further solve the questions related to it or find out the different answers for the various questions being provided. If you have any doubts in your mind regarding the same, just feel free to comment down below and let us know all about it so that we can help you with that in the future because we’ll be more than happy to help you out through this.

Also, if you want more help in any of these reading passages, don’t forget to just check out our other blogs that will help you with the same.

Also Read: The Nature and Aims of Archaeology: Find Reading Answers for IELTS Reading Test

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Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website

New Zealand is a small country of four million inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-generating markets of the world. Tourism currently makes up 9% of the country’s gross domestic product, and is the country’s largest export sector. Unlike other export sectors, which make products and then sell them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New Zealand. The product is the country itself – the people, the places and the experiences. In 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new brand position to the world. The campaign focused on New Zealand’s scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the world.

A key feature of the campaign was the website newzealand.com, which provided potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway to everything the destination had to offer. The heart of the website was a database of tourism services operators, both those based in New Zealand and those based abroad which offered tourism service to the country. Any tourism-related business could be listed by filling in a simple form. This meant that even the smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity provider could gain a web presence with access to an audience of long-haul visitors. In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis, the information provided remained accurate. And to maintain and improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme whereby organisations appearing on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of agreed national standards of quality. As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was considered.

To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site also carried features relating to famous people and places. One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Umaga. Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand’s stunning scenery as a backdrop. As the site developed, additional features were added to help independent travelers devise their own customised itineraries. To make it easier to plan motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season and indicating distances and times.

Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which allowed visitors to click and ‘bookmark’ places or attractions they were interested in, and then view the results on a map. The Travel Planner offered suggested routes and public transport options between the chosen locations. There were also links to accommodation in the area. By registering with the website, users could save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out to take on the visit. The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website.

The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby awards for online achievement and innovation. More importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New Zealand was impressive. Overall tourism expenditure increased by an average of 6.9% per year between 1999 and 2004. From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an average annual rate of 13% between 2002 and 2006, compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits abroad.

The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organisations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and interests. On the website, visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the activity. This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%. The more activities that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will be. It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn about traditional Maori life. Many long-haul travelers enjoy such learning experiences, which provide them with stories to take home to their friends and family. In addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don’t want to be ‘one of the crowd’ and find activities that involve only a few people more special and meaningful.

It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical destination. New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small businesses. It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with a reliable transport infrastructure. Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit. However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere – the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly website.

Why being bored is stimulating – and useful, too

This most common of emotions is turning out to be more interesting than we thought

We all know how it feels – it’s impossible to keep your mind on anything, time stretches out, and all the things you could do seem equally unlikely to make you feel better. But defining boredom so that it can be studied in the lab has proved difficult. For a start, it can include a lot of other mental states, such as frustration, apathy, depression and indifference. There isn’t even agreement over whether boredom is always a low-energy, flat kind of emotion or whether feeling agitated and restless counts as boredom, too. In his book, Boredom: A Lively History , Peter Toohey at the University of Calgary, Canada, compares it to disgust – an emotion that motivates us to stay away from certain situations. ‘If disgust protects humans from infection, boredom may protect them from “infectious” social situations,’ he suggests.

By asking people about their experiences of boredom, Thomas Goetz and his team at the University of Konstanz in Germany have recently identified five distinct types: indifferent, calibrating, searching, reactant and apathetic. These can be plotted on two axes – one running left to right, which measures low to high arousal, and the other from top to bottom, which measures how positive or negative the feeling is. Intriguingly, Goetz has found that while people experience all kinds of boredom, they tend to specialise in one. Of the five types, the most damaging is ‘reactant’ boredom with its explosive combination of high arousal and negative emotion. The most useful is what Goetz calls ‘indifferent’ boredom: someone isn’t engaged in anything satisfying but still feels relaxed and calm. However, it remains to be seen whether there are any character traits that predict the kind of boredom each of us might be prone to.

Psychologist Sandi Mann at the University of Central Lancashire, UK, goes further. ‘All emotions are there for a reason, including boredom,’ she says. Mann has found that being bored makes us more creative. ‘We’re all afraid of being bored but in actual fact it can lead to all kinds of amazing things,’ she says. In experiments published last year, Mann found that people who had been made to feel bored by copying numbers out of the phone book for 15 minutes came up with more creative ideas about how to use a polystyrene cup than a control group. Mann concluded that a passive, boring activity is best for creativity because it allows the mind to wander. In fact, she goes so far as to suggest that we should seek out more boredom in our lives.

Psychologist John Eastwood at York University in Toronto, Canada, isn’t convinced. ‘If you are in a state of mind-wandering you are not bored,’ he says. ‘In my view, by definition boredom is an undesirable state.’ That doesn’t necessarily mean that it isn’t adaptive, he adds. ‘Pain is adaptive – if we didn’t have physical pain, bad things would happen to us. Does that mean that we should actively cause pain? No. But even if boredom has evolved to help us survive, it can still be toxic if allowed to fester.’ For Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our ‘attention system’ into gear. This causes an inability to focus on anything, which makes time seem to go painfully slowly. What’s more, your efforts to improve the situation can end up making you feel worse. ‘People try to connect with the world and if they are not successful there’s that frustration and irritability,’ he says. Perhaps most worryingly, says Eastwood, repeatedly failing to engage attention can lead to state where we don’t know what to do any more, and no longer care.

Eastwood’s team is now trying to explore why the attention system fails. It’s early days but they think that at least some of it comes down to personality. Boredom proneness has been linked with a variety of traits. People who are motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly. Other personality traits, such as curiosity, are associated with a high boredom threshold. More evidence that boredom has detrimental effects comes from studies of people who are more or less prone to boredom. It seems those who bore easily face poorer prospects in education, their career and even life in general. But of course, boredom itself cannot kill – it’s the things we do to deal with it that may put us in danger. What can we do to alleviate it before it comes to that? Goetz’s group has one suggestion. Working with teenagers, they found that those who ‘approach’ a boring situation – in other words, see that it’s boring and get stuck in anyway – report less boredom than those who try to avoid it by using snacks, TV or social media for distraction.

Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder speculates that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom. ‘In modern human society there is a lot of overstimulation but still a lot of problems finding meaning,’ she says. So instead of seeking yet more mental stimulation, perhaps we should leave our phones alone, and use boredom to motivate us to engage with the world in a more meaningful way.

Artificial artist?

Can computers really create works of art.

The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the score. Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious galleries. And software has been built which creates art that could not have been imagined by the programmer.

Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts regularly. If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. ‘It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.’

To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised art. The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realise the programmer’s own creative ideas.

Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for material. The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media sites. It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from scratch. One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and sky. While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art. After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a photo. ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points out. ‘The same should be true of a machine.’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected results. Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality. Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour palette – so why should computers be any different?

Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who ‘have had millennia to develop our skills’. Others, though, are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and subtle as our best artists. So far, only one has come close. Composer David Cope invented a program called Experiments in Musical Intelligence, or EMI. Not only did EMI create compositions in Cope’s style, but also that of the most revered classical composers, including Bach, Chopin and Mozart. Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Bach. Not everyone was impressed however. Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software worked. Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist’s creative impulses. When audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch him. Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI’s vital databases.

But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when they discovered how it was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian University provides a clue. He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six compositions. The participants weren’t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each one. People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was human. This was true even among the experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their analyses.

Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative process behind the work. This can give it an ‘irresistible essence’, says Bloom. Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that people’s enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was needed to create it. Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell them. It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut short – there’s nothing to explore. But as technology becomes increasingly complex, finding those greater depths in computer art could become possible. This is precisely why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration: hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to us.

Questions 1-7

Complete the table below. Choose  ONE WORD ONLY  from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?

In boxes on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE               if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN     if there is no information on this

Questions 14-19

The Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number,  i-viii , in boxes on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i            The productive outcomes that may result from boredom

ii           What teachers can do to prevent boredom

iii          A new explanation and a new cure for boredom

iv          Problems with a scientific approach to boredom

v           A potential danger arising from boredom

vi          Creating a system of classification for feelings of boredom

vii         Age groups most affected by boredom

viii         Identifying those most affected by boredom

Questions 20-23

Look at the following people and the list of ideas below.

Match each person with the correct idea,  A-E .

Write the correct letter,  A-E , in boxes on your answer sheet.

List of Ideas

A      The way we live today may encourage boredom.

B      One sort of boredom is worse than all the others.

C      Levels of boredom may fall in the future.

D      Trying to cope with boredom can increase its negative effects.

E      Boredom may encourage us to avoid an unpleasant experience.

Questions 24-26

Responses to boredom.

For John Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is that people cannot 24 , due to a failure in what he calls the ‘attention system’, and as a result they become frustrated and irritable. His team suggests that those for whom 25 is an important aim in life may have problems in coping with boredom, whereas those who have the characteristic of 26  can generally cope with it.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter,  A ,  B ,  C  or  D .

Write the correct letter in boxes on your answer sheet.

Questions 32-37

Complete each sentence with the correct ending,  A-G  below.

Write the correct letter,  A-G , in boxes on your answer sheet.

A      generating work that was virtually indistinguishable from that of humans.

B      knowing whether it was the work of humans or software.

C      producing work entirely dependent on the imagination of its creator.

D      comparing the artistic achievements of humans and computers.

E      revealing the technical details of his program.

F      persuading the public to appreciate computer art.

G     discovering that it was the product of a computer program

Questions 38-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in the Reading Passage?

YES                   if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO                    if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Cambridge IELTS 13 Academic Reading Test 1

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Case Study- Tourism Zealand Website IELTS Reading Answers with Explanation

Luyện tập đề IELTS Reading Practice với passage Case Study- Tourism Zealand Website được lấy từ cuốn sách IELTS Cambridge IELTS Practice Test 13 - Test 1 - Passage 1 với trải nghiệm thi IELTS trên máy và giải thích đáp án chi tiết bằng Linearthinking, kèm list từ vựng IELTS cần học trong bài đọc.

📖 Bài đọc (reading passage)

❓ câu hỏi (questions).

🔥 Answer key (đáp án và giải thích)

Giải thích chi tiết.

Simplify info trong bài: businesses were able to update the details on a regular basis

-> businesses có thể update the details regularly

-> the details ám chỉ information mà businesses tải lên database of tourism services (đã nhắc ở câu trước)

-> Suy ra database of tourism services cho phép businesses update information 1 cách regularly

-> Vậy hành động mà businesses đc phép thực hiện regularly đối với information chính là update

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READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13  which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website

New Zealand is a small country of four million inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-generating markets of the world. Tourism currently makes up 9% of the country’s gross domestic product, and is the country’s largest export sector. Unlike other export sectors, which make products and then sell them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New Zealand. The product is the country itself – the people, the places and the experiences. In 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new brand position to the world. The campaign focused on New Zealand’s scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the world.

A key feature of the campaign was the website www.newzealand.com, which provided potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway to everything the destination had to offer. The heart of the website was a database of tourism services operators, both those based in New Zealand and those based abroad which offered tourism service to the country. Any tourism-related business could be listed by filling in a simple form. This meant that even the smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity provider could gain a web presence with access to an audience of long-haul visitors. In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis, the information provided remained accurate. And to maintain and improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme whereby organisations appearing on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of agreed national standards of quality. As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was considered.

To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site also carried features relating to famous people and places. One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Umaga. Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand’s stunning scenery as a backdrop. As the site developed, additional features were added to help independent travelers devise their own customised itineraries. To make it easier to plan motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season and indicating distances and times.

Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which allowed visitors to click and ‘bookmark’ places or attractions they were interested in, and then view the results on a map. The Travel Planner offered suggested routes and public transport options between the chosen locations. There were also links to accommodation in the area. By registering with the website, users could save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out to take on the visit. The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website.

The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby awards for online achievement and innovation. More importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New Zealand was impressive. Overall tourism expenditure increased by an average of 6.9% per year between 1999 and 2004. From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an average annual rate of 13% between 2002 and 2006, compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits abroad.

The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organisations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and interests. On the website, visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the activity. This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%. The more activities that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will be. It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a marae (meeting ground) to learn about traditional Maori life. Many long-haul travelers enjoy such learning experiences, which provide them with stories to take home to their friends and family. In addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don’t want to be ‘one of the crowd’ and find activities that involve only a few people more special and meaningful.

It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical destination. New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small businesses. It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with a reliable transport infrastructure. Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit. However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere – the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly website.

Questions 1-7

Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

  Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE                if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE               if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN     if there is no information on this

8    The website www.newzealand.com aimed to provide ready-made itineraries and packages for travel companies and individual tourists.

9    It was found that most visitors started searching on the website by geographical location.

10    According to research, 26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation.

11    Visitors to New Zealand like to become involved in the local culture.

12    Visitors like staying in small hotels in New Zealand rather than in larger ones.

13    Many visitors feel it is unlikely that they will return to New Zealand after their visit.

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26  which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.  

Why being bored is stimulating – and useful, too

This most common of emotions is turning out to be more interesting than we thought

We all know how it feels – it’s impossible to keep your mind on anything, time stretches out, and all the things you could do seem equally unlikely to make you feel better. But defining boredom so that it can be studied in the lab has proved difficult. For a start, it can include a lot of other mental states, such as frustration, apathy, depression and indifference. There isn’t even agreement over whether boredom is always a low-energy, flat kind of emotion or whether feeling agitated and restless counts as boredom, too. In his book, Boredom: A Lively History , Peter Toohey at the University of Calgary, Canada, compares it to disgust – an emotion that motivates us to stay away from certain situations. ‘If disgust protects humans from infection, boredom may protect them from “infectious” social situations,’ he suggests.

By asking people about their experiences of boredom, Thomas Goetz and his team at the University of Konstanz in Germany have recently identified five distinct types: indifferent, calibrating, searching, reactant and apathetic. These can be plotted on two axes – one running left to right, which measures low to high arousal, and the other from top to bottom, which measures how positive or negative the feeling is. Intriguingly, Goetz has found that while people experience all kinds of boredom, they tend to specialise in one. Of the five types, the most damaging is ‘reactant’ boredom with its explosive combination of high arousal and negative emotion. The most useful is what Goetz calls ‘indifferent’ boredom: someone isn’t engaged in anything satisfying but still feels relaxed and calm. However, it remains to be seen whether there are any character traits that predict the kind of boredom each of us might be prone to.

Psychologist Sandi Mann at the University of Central Lancashire, UK, goes further. ‘All emotions are there for a reason, including boredom,’ she says. Mann has found that being bored makes us more creative. ‘We’re all afraid of being bored but in actual fact it can lead to all kinds of amazing things,’ she says. In experiments published last year, Mann found that people who had been made to feel bored by copying numbers out of the phone book for 15 minutes came up with more creative ideas about how to use a polystyrene cup than a control group. Mann concluded that a passive, boring activity is best for creativity because it allows the mind to wander. In fact, she goes so far as to suggest that we should seek out more boredom in our lives.

Psychologist John Eastwood at York University in Toronto, Canada, isn’t convinced. ‘If you are in a state of mind-wandering you are not bored,’ he says. ‘In my view, by definition boredom is an undesirable state.’ That doesn’t necessarily mean that it isn’t adaptive, he adds. ‘Pain is adaptive – if we didn’t have physical pain, bad things would happen to us. Does that mean that we should actively cause pain? No. But even if boredom has evolved to help us survive, it can still be toxic if allowed to fester.’ For Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our ‘attention system’ into gear. This causes an inability to focus on anything, which makes time seem to go painfully slowly. What’s more, your efforts to improve the situation can end up making you feel worse. ‘People try to connect with the world and if they are not successful there’s that frustration and irritability,’ he says. Perhaps most worryingly, says Eastwood, repeatedly failing to engage attention can lead to state where we don’t know what to do any more, and no longer care.

Eastwood’s team is now trying to explore why the attention system fails. It’s early days but they think that at least some of it comes down to personality. Boredom proneness has been linked with a variety of traits. People who are motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly. Other personality traits, such as curiosity, are associated with a high boredom threshold. More evidence that boredom has detrimental effects comes from studies of people who are more or less prone to boredom. It seems those who bore easily face poorer prospects in education, their career and even life in general. But of course, boredom itself cannot kill – it’s the things we do to deal with it that may put us in danger. What can we do to alleviate it before it comes to that? Goetz’s group has one suggestion. Working with teenagers, they found that those who ‘approach’ a boring situation – in other words, see that it’s boring and get stuck in anyway – report less boredom than those who try to avoid it by using snacks, TV or social media for distraction.

Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder speculates that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom. ‘In modern human society there is a lot of overstimulation but still a lot of problems finding meaning,’ she says. So instead of seeking yet more mental stimulation, perhaps we should leave our phones alone, and use boredom to motivate us to engage with the world in a more meaningful way.

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii , in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i            The productive outcomes that may result from boredom

ii           What teachers can do to prevent boredom 

iii          A new explanation and a new cure for boredom

iv          Problems with a scientific approach to boredom

v          A potential danger arising from boredom

vi          Creating a system of classification for feelings of boredom

vii         Age groups most affected by boredom

viii        Identifying those most affected by boredom

14    Paragraph A

15    Paragraph B

16    Paragraph C

17    Paragraph D

18    Paragraph E

19    Paragraph F

Questions 20-23

Look at the following people (Questions 20-23 ) and the list of ideas below.

Match each person with the correct idea, A-E .

Write the correct letter, A-E , in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet.

20    Peter Toohey

21    Thomas Goetz

22    John Eastwood

23    Francoise Wemelsfelder

List of Ideas

A      The way we live today may encourage boredom.

B      One sort of boredom is worse than all the others.

C      Levels of boredom may fall in the future.

D      Trying to cope with boredom can increase its negative effects.

E      Boredom may encourage us to avoid an unpleasant experience.

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

Responses to boredom

For John Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is that people cannot 24 ……………………………, due to a failure in what he calls the ‘attention system’, and as a result they become frustrated and irritable. His team suggests that those for whom 25 ……………………….. is an important aim in life may have problems in coping with boredom, whereas those who have the characteristic of 26 ……………………….. can generally cope with it.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Artificial artist?

Can computers really create works of art.

The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the score. Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious galleries. And software has been built which creates are that could not have been imagined by the programmer.

Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts regularly. If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. ‘It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.’

To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised art. The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realise the programmer’s own creative ideas.

Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for material. The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media sites. It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from scratch. One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and sky. While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art. After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a photo. ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points out. ‘The same should be true of a machine.’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected results. Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality. Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour palette – so why should computers be any different?

Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who ‘have had millennia to develop our skills’. Others, though, are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and subtle as our best artists. So far, only one has come close. Composer David Cope invented a program called Experiments in Musical Intelligence, or EMI. Not only did EMI create compositions in Cope’s style, but also that of the most revered classical composers, including Bach, Chopin and Mozart. Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Bach. Not everyone was impressed however. Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software worked. Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist’s creative impulses. When audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch him. Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI’s vital databases.

But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when the discovered how it was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian University provides a clue. He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six compositions. The participants weren’t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each one. People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was human. This was true even among the experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their analyses.

Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative process behind the work. This can give it an ‘irresistible essence’, says Bloom. Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that people’s enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was needed to create it. Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell them. It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut short – there’s nothing to explore. But as technology becomes increasingly complex, finding those greater depths in computer art could become possible. This is precisely why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration: hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to us.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A , B , C or D .

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27    What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first paragraph?

A    People’s acceptance of them can vary considerably.

B    A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field.

C    They have had more success in some artistic genres than in others.

D    the advances are not as significant as the public believes them to be.

28    According to Geraint Wiggins, why are many people worried by computer art?

A    It is aesthetically inferior to human art.

B    It may ultimately supersede human art.

C    It undermines a fundamental human quality.

D    It will lead to a deterioration in human ability.

29    What is a key difference between Aaron and the Painting Fool?

A    its programmer’s background

B    public response to its work

C    the source of its subject matter

D    the technical standard of its output

30    What point does Simon Colton make in the fourth paragraph?

A    Software-produced art is often dismissed as childish and simplistic.

B    The same concepts of creativity should not be applied to all forms of art.

C    It is unreasonable to expect a machine to be as imaginative as a human being.

D    People tend to judge computer art and human art according to different criteria.

31    The writer refers to the paintings of a chair as an example of computer art which

A    achieves a particularly striking effect.

B    exhibits a certain level of genuine artistic skill.

C    closely resembles that of a well-known artist.

D    highlights the technical limitations of the software.

Questions 32-37

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G below.

Write the correct letter, A-G , in boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet.

32    Simon Colton says it is important to consider the long-term view then

33    David Cope’s EMI software surprised people by

34    Geraint Wiggins criticized Cope for not

35    Douglas Hofstadter claimed that EMI was

36    Audiences who had listened to EMI’s music became angry after

37    The participants in David Moffat’s study had to assess music without

A      generating work that was virtually indistinguishable from that of humans.

B      knowing whether it was the work of humans or software.

C      producing work entirely dependent on the imagination of its creator.

D      comparing the artistic achievements of humans and computers.

E      revealing the technical details of his program.

F      persuading the public to appreciate computer art.

G     discovering that it was the product of a computer program

Questions 38-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES                   if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO                    if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

38    Moffat’s research may help explain people’s reactions to EMI.

39    The non-experts in Moffat’s study all responded in a predictable way.

40    Justin Kruger’s findings cast doubt on Paul Bloom’s theory about people’s prejudice towards computer art.

Cam 12 Reading Test 04

Cam 13 reading test 02, answer cam 13 reading test 01.

2. environment

6. accommodation

9. NOT GIVEN

12. NOT GIVEN

25. pleasure

26. curiosity

39. NOT GIVEN

View Answers with Explanations

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Judge Will Answer NFL’s $14 Billion Sunday Ticket Question

By Maia Spoto

The National Football League will return to Los Angeles federal court Wednesday to ask a judge to set aside a $4.7 billion jury verdict in an industry-shaking case that appears bound for the US Supreme Court.

A Los Angeles jury sided June 27 with football fans who claimed the league conspired with DirecTV to raise the price of Sunday Ticket subscriptions to watch out-of-market games. The damages awarded by the jury stand to be tripled to $14 billion under federal antitrust law.

NFL attorneys accused the jury in court filings of relying on “made-up methodology” to reach its verdict, and argues testimony from two expert witnesses should have been excluded. Subscriber attorneys responded that the verdict is supported by evidence and that the jury is free to use its own calculations.

If Judge Philip S. Gutierrez of the US District Court for the Central District of California doesn’t toss the verdict and rule in the league’s favor, he’ll consider structural changes to the Sunday Ticket package and attorneys’ fees for the plaintiffs.

Gutierrez was skeptical of the evidence and lawyering by the attorneys representing consumers throughout the three-week trial, so scrapping the jury’s verdict isn’t completely out of the question, several professors told Bloomberg Law.

Still, the case is likely to go to appeal because overturning a verdict is so rare.

“It seems the case is far from over,” said Maureen Weston, a sports law professor at Pepperdine University Caruso School of Law.

The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has already issued subscriber-friendly rulings, but Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh indicated he was skeptical that the Sunday Ticket subscribers have standing when the US Supreme Court declined to take up the case in 2020 at the motion-to-dismiss stage.

Appellate Arguments

The NFL is likely to argue before the Ninth Circuit that its collective broadcast restraints are all-together pro-competitive for consumers, said Marc Edelman, an antitrust law professor at Baruch College’s Zicklin School of Business.

The US Supreme Court held unanimously in 2010 that NFL teams can be held liable for their collective conduct under federal antitrust law, so it’s “not too surprising” that the jury found the restraints to violate the law, he said.

Based on the jury’s verdict, the NFL’s arguments “will likely prove to be an uphill battle” on appeal, Edelman said. “Do not be surprised to see the NFL attempt to settle this case before final adjudication.”

The league could also latch onto an “ambiguity” Gutierrez said he created during a conference over which numbers the plaintiffs’ attorneys could present to the jury. The per-subscriber cost the plaintiffs showed in closing arguments was significantly higher than the defense’s estimate, and went against repeated warnings by the judge not to use it during the rest of the trial.

Attorney Beth Wilkinson of Wilkinson Stekloff LLP, representing the NFL. said the day of closing arguments —without the jury present—that the judge’s move to let the figure remain before the jury was “prejudicial.”

“That certainly sounds like an appealable issue,” said attorney Michael Elkins of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. The league will need to argue that the mistake changed the outcome of the case, Elkins said.

Media Models

Throughout the trial, the NFL pointed to the fact that TV products are exclusive—for example, the Olympics are only available on NBC and “Game of Thrones” is only available on Max.

If the jury’s ruling against the NFL stands, this model could be challenged, said Alicia Jessop, a sport administration professor at Pepperdine University.

Plaintiffs could sue over content that is made available only through one platform.

“If I’m a lawyer for a league or a team, I’m reviewing the structure of all of my media deals today in light of this decision,” with “blinders off,” Jessop said. “I don’t think anyone at the NFL thought that this could be anti-competitive. I have a hard time believing that. I think they thought they were giving this product to the nation.”

The case is In re National Football Leagues Sunday Ticket Antitrust Litigation, C.D. Cal., No. 2:15-ml-02668, hearing scheduled for 7/31/24.

To contact the reporter on this story: Maia Spoto in Los Angeles at [email protected]

To contact the editors responsible for this story: Stephanie Gleason at [email protected] ; Alex Clearfield at [email protected]

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IELTS Academic Reading: Cambridge 2 Test 2 Reading passage 1; IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY; with best solutions and best explanations

This Academic IELTS Reading post focuses on solutions to  IELTS Cambridge 2 Reading Test 2 Reading Passage 1 titled ‘ IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY’ . This is a targeted post for IELTS candidates who have big problems finding out and understanding Reading Answers in the AC module. This post can guide you the best to understand every Reading answer without much trouble. Finding out IELTS Reading answers is a steady process, and this post will assist you in this respect.

IELTS Cambridge 2 Test 2: AC Reading Module

Reading Passage 1: Questions 1-13

The headline of the passage: IMPLEMENTING THE CYCLE OF SUCCESS: A CASE STUDY

Questions 1-5: Multiple choice questions

[This type of question asks you to choose a suitable answer from the options using the knowledge you gained from the passage. Generally, this question is set found as the last question set in most passages so you should not worry much about it. Finding all the answers for previous questions gives you a good idea about these questions.]

Question no. 1: The high costs of running AHI’s hotels are related to their ______.

Keywords for the question: high costs, running, AHI’s hotels, related to,

The answer is in the first paragraph. First, look at the first few lines, “Within Australia, Australian Hotels Inc (AHI) operates nine hotels and employs over 2000 permanent full-time staff , 300 permanent part-time employees and 100 casual staff . .. .. .”

Then, in lines 11-16 of the same paragraph, the writer says, “ . . . . Similar to many international hotel chains, however, AHI has experienced difficulties in Australia in providing long-term profits for hotel owners, as a result of the country’s high labour-cost structure . .. .. .”

Here, high labour-cost structure = high cost of staff,  

So, the answer is: C (staff)

Question no. 2: SAH’s new organisational structure requires _______.

Keywords for the question: SAH’s new organisational structure, requires,  

The answer can be traced from the final lines of paragraph no. 1 and the first few lines of paragraph no. 2. Let’s have a look.

In the final lines of the first paragraph, the writer says, “ .. . … In order to develop an economically viable hotel organisation model, AHI decided to implement some new policies and practices at SAH .”

Here, some new policies and practices at SAH = SAH’s new organisational structure,

Then, at the beginning of the second paragraph, the writer says, “ The first of the initiatives was an organisational structure with only three levels of management – compared to the traditional seven. Partly as a result of this change, there are 25 per cent fewer management positions , enabling a significant saving. .. … ..”

Here, there are 25 per cent fewer management positions = 75% of the old management positions,

So, the answer is: A (75% of the old management positions.)

Question no. 3: The SAH’s approach to organisational structure required changing practices in _________. 

Keywords for the question: SAH’s approach, organisational stricture, changing practices,  

In the third paragraph, the writer says in the beginning, “ The hotel also recognised that it would need a different approach to selecting employees who would fit in with its new policies. . .. .”

Here, The hotel = the SAH, a different approach = changing practices, selecting employees = hiring staff,

So, the answer is: C (hiring staff.)

Question no. 4: The total number of jobs advertised at the SAH was ______.

Keywords for the question: total number, jobs advertised, SAH,   

The answer can be found in lines 8-10 of paragraph no. 3, where the writer says, “ . … .. Over 7000 applicants filled in application forms for the 120 jobs initially offered at SAH . .. … .”

Here, 120 jobs initially offered at SAH = 120 jobs advertised at the SAH,

So, the answer is: B (120.)

Question no. 5: Categories A, B and C were used to select ______.

Keywords for the question: Categories A, B, and C, used to select,  

The answer can be found in paragraph no. 4, “A series of tests and interviews were conducted with potential employees, which eventually left 280 applicants competing for the 120 advertised positions. After the final interview, potential recruits were divided into three categories. Category A was for applicants exhibiting strong leadership qualities, Category C was for applicants perceived to be followers, and Category B was for applicants with both leader and follower qualities. Department heads and shift leaders then composed prospective teams using a combination of people from all three categories. Once suitable teams were formed, offers of employment were made to team members. ”

So, the answer is: B (new teams.)

Questions 6-13: Summary completion

[In this kind of questions candidates are given a summary for one, two or three paragraphs with some fill in the blanks questions. Candidates need to find out the related paragraphs by correctly studying the keywords from the questions. Then, they should follow the steps of finding answers for fill in the gaps.]

Title of the summary: WHAT THEY DID AT SAH

Question no. 6: Teams of employees were selected from different hotel departments to participate in a _________ exercise.

Keywords for the question: teams of employees, selected, different hotel departments, participate, exercise,  

At the end of paragraph no. 5, the writer mentions the selection of employees from different hotel departments, “ . . .. . For example, when office staff are away on holidays during quiet periods of the year, employees in either food or beverage or housekeeping departments can temporarily fill in.”

Here, food or beverage or housekeeping departments = different hotel departments,

Then, take a look at these lines of paragraph no. 6, “ . .. .. SAH management concluded this would first require a process of ‘ benchmarking ’ . .. .. . ..”

So, the answer is: benchmarking

Questions no. 7, 8 & 9: The information collected was used to compare 7. ________  processes which, in turn, led to the development of 8. ________  that would be used to increase the hotel’s capacity to improve 9. _________  as well as quality.

Keywords for the questions: information collected, used to compare, processes, led to, development, used to increase, hotel’s capacity, improve, as well as quality,  

Take a look at the these lines of paragraph no. 6, “ .. . . The prime objective of the benchmarking process was to compare a range of service delivery processes across a range of criteria using teams made up of employees from different departments within the hotel which interacted with each other. This process resulted in performance measures that greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improve productivity and quality .”

Here, resulted = led to, greatly enhanced SAH’s ability to improve = increase the hotel’s capacity to improve, and quality = as well as quality,

So, the answers are:

• (a range of) service delivery
• (performance) measures
• productivity

Question no. 10: Also, an older program known as _______ was introduced at SAH.

Keywords for the question: older program, known as, introduced at SAH,

In paragraph no. 8 of the text, the writer says in the beginning, “ In addition , a program modelled on an earlier project called ‘ Take Charge ’ was implemented .

Here, In addition = Also, a program modelled on an earlier project = an older program, called = known as, was implemented = was introduced,  

So, the answer is: ‘Take Charge’ / Take Charge

Question no. 11: In this program, __________ is sought from customers and staff.

Keywords for the question: sought from customers and staff,

Take a look at lines 3-5 of paragraph no. 8 where the writer says, “ . ..  Essentially, Take Charge provides an effective feedback loop from both customers and employees . . . . .”

Here, Take Charge = this program, loop from both customers and employees = sought from customers and staff,

So, the answer is: feedback

Question no. 12: Wherever possible _________ suggestions are implemented within 48 hours.

Keywords for the question: wherever possible, suggestions, implemented, within 48 hours,   

Again, take a look at lines 5-18 of paragraph no. 8 where the writer says, “ . .. Customer comments, both positive and negative, are recorded by staff . These are collated regularly to identify opportunities for improvement. Just as importantly, employees are requested to note down their own suggestions for improvement. (AHI has set an expectation that employees will submit at least three suggestions for every one they receive from a customer.) Employee feedback is reviewed daily and suggestions are implemented within 48 hours , if possible, or a valid reason is given for non-implementation. .. .. . .”

So, the answer is: employees / employees’ / staff

Question no. 13:  Other suggestions are investigated for their feasibility for a period of up to _________.

Keywords for the question: other suggestions, investigated, feasibility, for a period, up to,   

In paragraph no. 8, the final few lines say, “. . . . … If suggestions require analysis or data collection , the Take Charge team has 30 days in which to address the issue and come up with recommendations.”

Here, suggestions require analysis or data collection = other suggestions are investigated,

So, the answer is: 30 days

Click here for solutions to Cambridge 2 Test 2 Reading Passage 2

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Academic IELTS Reading: Test 2 Passage 2; A second attempt at domesticating the tomato; with top solutions and best explanations

This Academic IELTS Reading post focuses on solutions to IELTS Cambridge 17 Reading Test 2 Passage 2 that has a text titled ‘A second attempt at domesticating the tomato’. This is a targeted post for AC IELTS candidates who have big problems finding out and understanding Reading Answers in the AC module. This post can guide […]

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This Academic IELTS Reading post focuses on solutions to an IELTS Reading Test 2 passage 1 that has a passage titled ‘The Dead Sea Scrolls’. This is a targeted post for Academic IELTS candidates who have major problems locating and understanding Reading Answers in the AC module. This post can guide you the best to understand […]

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Accused Sept. 11 Plotters Agree to Plead Guilty at Guantánamo Bay

Word of the deal emerged in a letter from prosecutors to family members of victims of the attacks.

By Carol Rosenberg

Reporting from Guantánamo Bay, Cuba

The man accused of plotting the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, and two of his accomplices have agreed to plead guilty to conspiracy and murder charges in exchange for a life sentence rather than a death-penalty trial at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, prosecutors said Wednesday.

Prosecutors said the deal was meant to bring some “finality and justice” to the case, particularly for the families of nearly 3,000 people who were killed in the attacks in New York City, at the Pentagon and in a Pennsylvania field.

The defendants Khalid Shaikh Mohammed , Walid bin Attash and Mustafa al-Hawsawi reached the deal in talks with prosecutors across 27 months at Guantánamo and approved on Wednesday by a senior Pentagon official overseeing the war court.

The men have been in U.S. custody since 2003. But the case had become mired in more than a decade of pretrial proceedings that focused on the question of whether their torture in secret C.I.A. prisons had contaminated the evidence against them.

Word of the deal emerged in a letter from war court prosecutors to Sept. 11 family members.

“In exchange for the removal of the death penalty as a possible punishment, these three accused have agreed to plead guilty to all of the charged offenses, including the murder of the 2,976 people listed in the charge sheet,” said the letter, which was signed by Rear Adm. Aaron C. Rugh , the chief prosecutor for military commissions, and three lawyers on his team.

The letter said the men could submit their pleas in open court as early as next week.

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Reading Reference: Cambridge Book 13 - Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers.

Case study: tourism new zealand website: ielts reading mock test 29.

Complete Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers after reading the following passage.

IELTS Mock Test: Reading Passage 1

You should spend around 20 minutes attempting Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers to Questions 1–13 based on the passage below.

Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website

New Zealand is a small country of four million inhabitants, a long-haul flight from all the major tourist-generating markets of the world. Tourism currently makes up 9% of the country’s gross domestic product, and is the country’s largest export sector. Unlike other export sectors, which make products and then sell them overseas, tourism brings its customers to New Zealand. The product is the country itself – the people, the places and the experiences. In 1999, Tourism New Zealand launched a campaign to communicate a new brand position to the world. The campaign focused on New Zealand’s scenic beauty, exhilarating outdoor activities and authentic Maori culture, and it made New Zealand one of the strongest national brands in the world.

A key feature of the campaign was the website www.newzealand.com, which provided potential visitors to New Zealand with a single gateway to everything the destination had to offer. The heart of the website was a database of tourism services operators, both those based in New Zealand and those based abroad which offered tourism service to the country. Any tourism-related business could be listed by filling in a simple form. This meant that even the smallest bed and breakfast address or specialist activity provider could gain a web presence with access to an audience of long-haul visitors. In addition, because participating businesses were able to update the details they gave on a regular basis, the information provided remained accurate. And to maintain and improve standards, Tourism New Zealand organised a scheme whereby organisations appearing on the website underwent an independent evaluation against a set of agreed national standards of quality. As part of this, the effect of each business on the environment was considered.

To communicate the New Zealand experience, the site also carried features relating to famous people and places. One of the most popular was an interview with former New Zealand All Blacks rugby captain Tana Umaga. Another feature that attracted a lot of attention was an interactive journey through a number of the locations chosen for blockbuster films which had made use of New Zealand’s stunning scenery as a backdrop. As the site developed, additional features were added to help independent travelers devise their own customised itineraries. To make it easier to plan motoring holidays, the site catalogued the most popular driving routes in the country, highlighting different routes according to the season and indicating distances and times.

Later, a Travel Planner feature was added, which allowed visitors to click and ‘bookmark’ places or attractions they were interested in, and then view the results on a map. The Travel Planner offered suggested routes and public transport options between the chosen locations. There were also links to accommodation in the area. By registering with the website, users could save their Travel Plan and return to it later, or print it out to take on the visit. The website also had a ‘Your Words’ section where anyone could submit a blog of their New Zealand travels for possible inclusion on the website.

The Tourism New Zealand website won two Webby awards for online achievement and innovation. More importantly perhaps, the growth of tourism to New Zealand was impressive. Overall tourism expenditure increased by an average of 6.9% per year between 1999 and 2004. From Britain, visits to New Zealand grew at an average annual rate of 13% between 2002 and 2006, compared to a rate of 4% overall for British visits abroad.

The website was set up to allow both individuals and travel organisations to create itineraries and travel packages to suit their own needs and interests. On the website, visitors can search for activities not solely by geographical location, but also by the particular nature of the activity. This is important as research shows that activities are the key driver of visitor satisfaction, contributing 74% to visitor satisfaction, while transport and accommodation account for the remaining 26%. The more activities that visitors undertake, the more satisfied they will be. It has also been found that visitors enjoy cultural activities most when they are interactive, such as visiting a  marae  (meeting ground) to learn about traditional Maori life. Many long-haul travelers enjoy such learning experiences, which provide them with stories to take home to their friends and family. In addition, it appears that visitors to New Zealand don’t want to be ‘one of the crowd’ and find activities that involve only a few people more special and meaningful.

It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical destination. New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small businesses. It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with a reliable transport infrastructure. Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit. However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere – the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly website.

(Reading passage source: Cambridge Book 13 – Passage 1 –  Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website Reading answers)

Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website IELTS Reading Questions

Read the following text and attempt Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers.

Questions 1-7

Complete the table below and attempt Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers.

Choose  ONE WORD ONLY  from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes  1-7  on your answer sheet.

  Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes  8-13 on your answer sheet, attempt Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers and write

TRUE                if the statement agrees with the information FALSE               if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN     if there is no information on this

8    The website www.newzealand.com aimed to provide ready-made itineraries and packages for travel companies and individual tourists.

9    It was found that most visitors started searching on the website by geographical location.

10    According to research, 26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation.

11    Visitors to New Zealand like to become involved in the local culture.

12    Visitors like staying in small hotels in New Zealand rather than in larger ones.

13    Many visitors feel it is unlikely that they will return to New Zealand after their visit.

(Reading questions source: Cambridge Book 13 – Passage 1 –  Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website Reading answers)

IELTS Mock Test: Reading Passage 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on  Questions 14-26  which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. 

Why being bored is stimulating – and useful, too

This most common of emotions is turning out to be more interesting than we thought

A We all know how it feels – it’s impossible to keep your mind on anything, time stretches out, and all the things you could do seem equally unlikely to make you feel better. But defining boredom so that it can be studied in the lab has proved difficult. For a start, it can include a lot of other mental states, such as frustration, apathy, depression and indifference. There isn’t even agreement over whether boredom is always a low-energy, flat kind of emotion or whether feeling agitated and restless counts as boredom, too. In his book,  Boredom: A Lively History , Peter Toohey at the University of Calgary, Canada, compares it to disgust – an emotion that motivates us to stay away from certain situations. ‘If disgust protects humans from infection, boredom may protect them from “infectious” social situations,’ he suggests.

B By asking people about their experiences of boredom, Thomas Goetz and his team at the University of Konstanz in Germany have recently identified five distinct types: indifferent, calibrating, searching, reactant and apathetic. These can be plotted on two axes – one running left to right, which measures low to high arousal, and the other from top to bottom, which measures how positive or negative the feeling is. Intriguingly, Goetz has found that while people experience all kinds of boredom, they tend to specialise in one. Of the five types, the most damaging is ‘reactant’ boredom with its explosive combination of high arousal and negative emotion. The most useful is what Goetz calls ‘indifferent’ boredom: someone isn’t engaged in anything satisfying but still feels relaxed and calm. However, it remains to be seen whether there are any character traits that predict the kind of boredom each of us might be prone to.

C Psychologist Sandi Mann at the University of Central Lancashire, UK, goes further. ‘All emotions are there for a reason, including boredom,’ she says. Mann has found that being bored makes us more creative. ‘We’re all afraid of being bored but in actual fact it can lead to all kinds of amazing things,’ she says. In experiments published last year, Mann found that people who had been made to feel bored by copying numbers out of the phone book for 15 minutes came up with more creative ideas about how to use a polystyrene cup than a control group. Mann concluded that a passive, boring activity is best for creativity because it allows the mind to wander. In fact, she goes so far as to suggest that we should seek out more boredom in our lives.

D Psychologist John Eastwood at York University in Toronto, Canada, isn’t convinced. ‘If you are in a state of mind-wandering you are not bored,’ he says. ‘In my view, by definition boredom is an undesirable state.’ That doesn’t necessarily mean that it isn’t adaptive, he adds. ‘Pain is adaptive – if we didn’t have physical pain, bad things would happen to us. Does that mean that we should actively cause pain? No. But even if boredom has evolved to help us survive, it can still be toxic if allowed to fester.’ For Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our ‘attention system’ into gear. This causes an inability to focus on anything, which makes time seem to go painfully slowly. What’s more, your efforts to improve the situation can end up making you feel worse. ‘People try to connect with the world and if they are not successful there’s that frustration and irritability,’ he says. Perhaps most worryingly, says Eastwood, repeatedly failing to engage attention can lead to state where we don’t know what to do any more, and no longer care.

E Eastwood’s team is now trying to explore why the attention system fails. It’s early days but they think that at least some of it comes down to personality. Boredom proneness has been linked with a variety of traits. People who are motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly. Other personality traits, such as curiosity, are associated with a high boredom threshold. More evidence that boredom has detrimental effects comes from studies of people who are more or less prone to boredom. It seems those who bore easily face poorer prospects in education, their career and even life in general. But of course, boredom itself cannot kill – it’s the things we do to deal with it that may put us in danger. What can we do to alleviate it before it comes to that? Goetz’s group has one suggestion. Working with teenagers, they found that those who ‘approach’ a boring situation – in other words, see that it’s boring and get stuck in anyway – report less boredom than those who try to avoid it by using snacks, TV or social media for distraction.

F Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder speculates that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom. ‘In modern human society there is a lot of overstimulation but still a lot of problems finding meaning,’ she says. So instead of seeking yet more mental stimulation, perhaps we should leave our phones alone, and use boredom to motivate us to engage with the world in a more meaningful way.

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs,  A-F Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number,  i-viii , in boxes  14-19  on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i            The productive outcomes that may result from boredom ii           What teachers can do to prevent boredom  iii          A new explanation and a new cure for boredom iv          Problems with a scientific approach to boredom v           A potential danger arising from boredom vi          Creating a system of classification for feelings of boredom vii         Age groups most affected by boredom viii         Identifying those most affected by boredom

14    Paragraph  A

15    Paragraph  B

16    Paragraph  C

17    Paragraph  D

18    Paragraph  E

19    Paragraph  F

Questions 20-23

Look at the following people (Questions  20-23 ) and the list of ideas below.

Match each person with the correct idea,  A-E .

Write the correct letter,  A-E , in boxes  20-23  on your answer sheet.

20    Peter Toohey

21    Thomas Goetz

22    John Eastwood

23    Francoise Wemelsfelder

List of Ideas

A      The way we live today may encourage boredom. B      One sort of boredom is worse than all the others. C      Levels of boredom may fall in the future. D      Trying to cope with boredom can increase its negative effects. E      Boredom may encourage us to avoid an unpleasant experience.

Questions 24-26

Complete the summary below.

Write your answers in boxes  24-26  on your answer sheet.

Responses to boredom

For John Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is that people cannot  24 ……………………………, due to a failure in what he calls the ‘attention system’, and as a result they become frustrated and irritable. His team suggests that those for whom  25 ……………………….. is an important aim in life may have problems in coping with boredom, whereas those who have the characteristic of  26 ……………………….. can generally cope with it.

IELTS Mock Test: Reading Passage 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on  Questions 27-40  which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Artificial artist?

Can computers really create works of art?

The Painting Fool is one of a growing number of computer programs which, so their makers claim, possess creative talents. Classical music by an artificial composer has had audiences enraptured, and even tricked them into believing a human was behind the score. Artworks painted by a robot have sold for thousands of dollars and been hung in prestigious galleries. And software has been built which creates are that could not have been imagined by the programmer.

Human beings are the only species to perform sophisticated creative acts regularly. If we can break this process down into computer code, where does that leave human creativity? ‘This is a question at the very core of humanity,’ says Geraint Wiggins, a computational creativity researcher at Goldsmiths, University of London. ‘It scares a lot of people. They are worried that it is taking something special away from what it means to be human.’

To some extent, we are all familiar with computerised art. The question is: where does the work of the artist stop and the creativity of the computer begin? Consider one of the oldest machine artists, Aaron, a robot that has had paintings exhibited in London’s Tate Modern and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Aaron can pick up a paintbrush and paint on canvas on its own. Impressive perhaps, but it is still little more than a tool to realise the programmer’s own creative ideas.

Simon Colton, the designer of the Painting Fool, is keen to make sure his creation doesn’t attract the same criticism. Unlike earlier ‘artists’ such as Aaron, the Painting Fool only needs minimal direction and can come up with its own concepts by going online for material. The software runs its own web searches and trawls through social media sites. It is now beginning to display a kind of imagination too, creating pictures from scratch. One of its original works is a series of fuzzy landscapes, depicting trees and sky. While some might say they have a mechanical look, Colton argues that such reactions arise from people’s double standards towards software-produced and human-produced art. After all, he says, consider that the Painting Fool painted the landscapes without referring to a photo. ‘If a child painted a new scene from its head, you’d say it has a certain level of imagination,’ he points out. ‘The same should be true of a machine.’ Software bugs can also lead to unexpected results. Some of the Painting Fool’s paintings of a chair came out in black and white, thanks to a technical glitch. This gives the work an eerie, ghostlike quality. Human artists like the renowned Ellsworth Kelly are lauded for limiting their colour palette – so why should computers be any different?

Researchers like Colton don’t believe it is right to measure machine creativity directly to that of humans who ‘have had millennia to develop our skills’. Others, though, are fascinated by the prospect that a computer might create something as original and subtle as our best artists. So far, only one has come close. Composer David Cope invented a program called Experiments in Musical Intelligence, or EMI. Not only did EMI create compositions in Cope’s style, but also that of the most revered classical composers, including Bach, Chopin and Mozart. Audiences were moved to tears, and EMI even fooled classical music experts into thinking they were hearing genuine Bach. Not everyone was impressed however. Some, such as Wiggins, have blasted Cope’s work as pseudoscience, and condemned him for his deliberately vague explanation of how the software worked. Meanwhile, Douglas Hofstadter of Indiana University said EMI created replicas which still rely completely on the original artist’s creative impulses. When audiences found out the truth they were often outraged with Cope, and one music lover even tried to punch him. Amid such controversy, Cope destroyed EMI’s vital databases.

But why did so many people love the music, yet recoil when the discovered how it was composed? A study by computer scientist David Moffat of Glasgow Caledonian University provides a clue. He asked both expert musicians and non-experts to assess six compositions. The participants weren’t told beforehand whether the tunes were composed by humans or computers, but were asked to guess, and then rate how much they liked each one. People who thought the composer was a computer tended to dislike the piece more than those who believed it was human. This was true even among the experts, who might have been expected to be more objective in their analyses.

Where does this prejudice come from? Paul Bloom of Yale University has a suggestion: he reckons part of the pleasure we get from art stems from the creative process behind the work. This can give it an ‘irresistible essence’, says Bloom. Meanwhile, experiments by Justin Kruger of New York University have shown that people’s enjoyment of an artwork increases if they think more time and effort was needed to create it. Similarly, Colton thinks that when people experience art, they wonder what the artist might have been thinking or what the artist is trying to tell them. It seems obvious, therefore, that with computers producing art, this speculation is cut short – there’s nothing to explore. But as technology becomes increasingly complex, finding those greater depths in computer art could become possible. This is precisely why Colton asks the Painting Fool to tap into online social networks for its inspiration: hopefully this way it will choose themes that will already be meaningful to us.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter,  A ,  B ,  C  or  D .

Write the correct letter in boxes  27-31  on your answer sheet.

27    What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first paragraph?

A    People’s acceptance of them can vary considerably. B    A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field. C    They have had more success in some artistic genres than in others. D    the advances are not as significant as the public believes them to be.

28    According to Geraint Wiggins, why are many people worried by computer art?

A    It is aesthetically inferior to human art. B    It may ultimately supersede human art. C    It undermines a fundamental human quality. D    It will lead to a deterioration in human ability.

29    What is a key difference between Aaron and the Painting Fool?

A    its programmer’s background B    public response to its work C    the source of its subject matter D    the technical standard of its output

30    What point does Simon Colton make in the fourth paragraph?

A    Software-produced art is often dismissed as childish and simplistic. B    The same concepts of creativity should not be applied to all forms of art. C    It is unreasonable to expect a machine to be as imaginative as a human being. D    People tend to judge computer art and human art according to different criteria.

31    The writer refers to the paintings of a chair as an example of computer art which

A    achieves a particularly striking effect. B    exhibits a certain level of genuine artistic skill. C    closely resembles that of a well-known artist. D    highlights the technical limitations of the software.

Questions 32-37

Complete each sentence with the correct ending,  A-G  below.

Write the correct letter,  A-G , in boxes  32-37  on your answer sheet.

32    Simon Colton says it is important to consider the long-term view then

33    David Cope’s EMI software surprised people by

34    Geraint Wiggins criticized Cope for not

35    Douglas Hofstadter claimed that EMI was

36    Audiences who had listened to EMI’s music became angry after

37    The participants in David Moffat’s study had to assess music without

A      generating work that was virtually indistinguishable from that of humans. B      knowing whether it was the work of humans or software. C      producing work entirely dependent on the imagination of its creator. D      comparing the artistic achievements of humans and computers. E      revealing the technical details of his program. F      persuading the public to appreciate computer art. G     discovering that it was the product of a computer program

Questions 38-40

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes  38-40  on your answer sheet, write

YES                   if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO                    if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

38    Moffat’s research may help explain people’s reactions to EMI.

39    The non-experts in Moffat’s study all responded in a predictable way.

40    Justin Kruger’s findings cast doubt on Paul Bloom’s theory about people’s prejudice towards computer art.

Case Study: Tourism New Zealand website reading answers:

• environment
• accommodation

Why being bored is stimulating – and useful, too reading answers:

Artificial artist reading answers:

IELTS Mock Test: Academic Reading

The history of glass: ielts reading mock test 30, flying tortoises: ielts reading mock test 31, the risks agriculture faces in developing countries: ielts reading mock test 32, cork: ielts reading mock test 33.

www.ieltsdrive.in

CAMBRIDGE 13 READING TEST 1

Case study: tourism new zealand website .

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

It could be argued that New Zealand is not a typical destination. New Zealand is a small country with a visitor economy composed mainly of small businesses. It is generally perceived as a safe English-speaking country with reliable transport infrastructure. Because of the long-haul flight, most visitors stay for longer (average 20 days) and want to see as much of the country as possible on what is often seen as a once-in-a-lifetime visit. However, the underlying lessons apply anywhere – the effectiveness of a strong brand, a strategy based on unique experiences and a comprehensive and user-friendly website.

Questions 1-7 Complete the table below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.

Questions 8-13

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

8 . The website www.newzealand.com aimed to provide ready-made itineraries and packages for travel companies and individual tourists. 9 . It was found that most visitors started searching on the website by geographical location. 10 . According to research, 26% of visitor satisfaction is related to their accommodation.

 WHY BEING BORED IS STIMULATING READING 

 THIS MOST COMMON OF EMOTIONS IS TURNING OUT TO BE MORE INTERESTING THAN WE THOUGHT

Questions 14-19 Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i           The productive outcomes that may result from boredom

ii          What teachers can do to prevent boredom

iii         A new explanation and a new cure for boredom

iv         Problems with a scientific approach to boredom

v          A potential danger arising from boredom

vi         Creating a system of classification for feelings of boredom

vii        Age groups most affected by boredom

viii        Identifying those most affected by boredom

14   Paragraph A

15   Paragraph B

16   Paragraph C

17   Paragraph D

18   Paragraph E

19   Paragraph F

Questions 20-23 Look at the following people (Questions 20-23) and the list of ideas below.

Match each person with the correct idea, A-E.

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet.

20   Peter Toohey

21   Thomas Goetz

22   John Eastwood

23   Francoise Wemelsfelder

List of Ideas

A      The way we live today may encourage boredom.

B      One sort of boredom is worse than all the others.

C     Levels of boredom may fall in the future.

D     Trying to cope with boredom can increase its negative effects.

E      Boredom may encourage us to avoid an unpleasant experience.

Questions 24-26 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

Responses to boredom

For John Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is that people cannot 24 ……………………………, due to a failure in what he calls the ‘attention system’, and as a result they become frustrated and irritable. His team suggests that those for whom 25 ……………………….. is an important aim in life may have problems in coping with boredom, whereas those who have the characteristic of 26 ……………………….. can generally cope with it.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Artificial artist?

Can computers really create works of art.

Questions 27-31 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27   What is the writer suggesting about computer-produced works in the first paragraph?

A    People’s acceptance of them can vary considerably.

B   A great deal of progress has already been attained in this field.

C    They have had more success in some artistic genres than in others.

D    the advances are not as significant as the public believes them to be.

28   According to Geraint Wiggins, why are many people worried by computer art?

A   It is aesthetically inferior to human art.

B   It may ultimately supersede human art.

C   It undermines a fundamental human quality.

D   It will lead to a deterioration in human ability.

29   What is a key difference between Aaron and the Painting Fool?

A   its programmer’s background

B   public response to its work

C   the source of its subject matter

D   the technical standard of its output

30   What point does Simon Colton make in the fourth paragraph?

A   Software-produced art is often dismissed as childish and simplistic.

B   The same concepts of creativity should not be applied to all forms of art.

C   It is unreasonable to expect a machine to be as imaginative as a human being.

D   People tend to judge computer art and human art according to different criteria.

31   The writer refers to the paintings of a chair as an example of computer art which

A   achieves a particularly striking effect.

B   exhibits a certain level of genuine artistic skill.

C   closely resembles that of a well-known artist.

D   highlights the technical limitations of the software.

Questions 32-37 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G below.

Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet.

32   Simon Colton says it is important to consider the long-term view then

33   David Cope’s EMI software surprised people by

34   Geraint Wiggins criticized Cope for not

35   Douglas Hofstadter claimed that EMI was

36   Audiences who had listened to EMI’s music became angry after

37   The participants in David Moffat’s study had to assess music without

A     generating work that was virtually indistinguishable from that of humans.

B     knowing whether it was the work of humans or software.

C     producing work entirely dependent on the imagination of its creator.

D     comparing the artistic achievements of humans and computers.

E     revealing the technical details of his program.

F     persuading the public to appreciate computer art.

G    discovering that it was the product of a computer program

Questions 38-40 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES                  if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO                   if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN    if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

38   Moffat’s research may help explain people’s reactions to EMI.

39   The non-experts in Moffat’s study all responded in a predictable way.

40   Justin Kruger’s findings cast doubt on Paul Bloom’s theory about people’s prejudice towards computer art.

( Cambridge 13 Test 1 Reading Answers)

Case study: new zealand tourism website reading answers.

2. environment

6. accommodation

9. NOT GIVEN

12. NOT GIVEN

Why being boring is stimulating Reading Answers

25. pleasure

26. curiosity

Artificial Artists Reading Answers

39. NOT GIVEN