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This section presents an example that shows how to solve an assignment problem using both the MIP solver and the CP-SAT solver.
In the example there are five workers (numbered 0-4) and four tasks (numbered 0-3). Note that there is one more worker than in the example in the Overview .
The costs of assigning workers to tasks are shown in the following table.
Worker | Task 0 | Task 1 | Task 2 | Task 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
90 | 80 | 75 | 70 | |
35 | 85 | 55 | 65 | |
125 | 95 | 90 | 95 | |
45 | 110 | 95 | 115 | |
50 | 100 | 90 | 100 |
The problem is to assign each worker to at most one task, with no two workers performing the same task, while minimizing the total cost. Since there are more workers than tasks, one worker will not be assigned a task.
The following sections describe how to solve the problem using the MPSolver wrapper .
The following code imports the required libraries.
The following code creates the data for the problem.
The costs array corresponds to the table of costs for assigning workers to tasks, shown above.
The following code declares the MIP solver.
The following code creates binary integer variables for the problem.
Create the objective function.
The following code creates the objective function for the problem.
The value of the objective function is the total cost over all variables that are assigned the value 1 by the solver.
The following code invokes the solver.
The following code prints the solution to the problem.
Here is the output of the program.
Here are the complete programs for the MIP solution.
The following sections describe how to solve the problem using the CP-SAT solver.
The following code declares the CP-SAT model.
The following code sets up the data for the problem.
The following code creates the constraints for the problem.
Here are the complete programs for the CP-SAT solution.
Except as otherwise noted, the content of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License , and code samples are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License . For details, see the Google Developers Site Policies . Java is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Last updated 2024-08-28 UTC.
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In Java programming, commands are essential instructions that tell the computer what to do. These commands are written in a specific way so the computer can understand and execute them. Every program in Java is a set of commands. At the beginning of your Java programming practice , it’s good to know a few basic principles:
Here is an example of the command:
The command System.out.println("Hello, World!"); tells the computer to display the text inside the quotation marks.
If you want to display a number and not text, then you do not need to put quotation marks. You can simply write the number. Or an arithmetic operation. For example:
Command to display the number 1.
A command in which two numbers are summed and their sum (10) is displayed.
As we discussed in the basic rules, a command cannot exist on its own in Java. It must be within a method, and a method must be within a class. Here is the simplest program that prints the string "Hello, World!".
We have a class called HelloWorld , a method called main() , and the command System.out.println("Hello, World!") . You may not understand everything in the code yet, but that's okay! You'll learn more about it later. The good news is that you can already write your first program with the knowledge you've gained.
Attention! You can add comments in your code. Comments in Java are lines of code that are ignored by the compiler, but you can mark with them your code to make it clear for you and other programmers.
Single-line comments start with two forward slashes (//) and end at the end of the line. In example above we have a comment //here we print the text out
You can read the theory on this topic here , here , and here . But try practicing first!
Explore the Java coding exercises for practicing with commands below. First, read the conditions, scroll down to the Solution box, and type your solution. Then, click Verify (above the Conditions box) to check the correctness of your program.
The two main types in Java are String and int. We store strings/text in String, and integers (whole numbers) in int. We have already used strings and integers in previous examples without explicit declaration, by specifying them directly in the System.out.println() operator.
In the first case “I am a string” is a String in the second case 5 is an integer of type int. However, most often, in order to manipulate data, variables must be declared before being used in the program. To do this, you need to specify the type of the variable and its name. You can also set a variable to a specific value, or you can do this later. Example:
Here we declared a variable called a but didn't give it any value, declared a variable b and gave it the value 5 , declared a string called s and gave it the value Hello, World!
Attention! In Java, the = sign is not an equals sign, but an assignment operator. That is, the variable (you can imagine it as an empty box) is assigned the value that is on the right (you can imagine that this value was put in the empty box).
We created an integer variable named a with the first command and assigned it the value 5 with the second command.
Before moving on to practice, let's look at an example program where we will declare variables and assign values to them:
In the program, we first declared an int variable named a but did not immediately assign it a value. Then we declared an int variable named b and "put" the value 5 in it. Then we declared a string named s and assigned it the value "Hello, World!" After that, we assigned the value 2 to the variable a that we declared earlier, and then we printed the variable a, the sum of the variables a and b, and the variable s to the screen
This program will display the following:
We already know how to print to the console, but how do we read from it? For this, we use the Scanner class. To use Scanner, we first need to create an instance of the class. We can do this with the following code:
Once we have created an instance of Scanner, we can use the next() method to read input from the console or nextInt() if we should read an integer.
The following code reads a number from the console and prints it to the console:
Here we first import a library scanner, then ask a user to enter a number. Later we created a scanner to read the user's input and print the input out.
This code will print the following output in case of user’s input is 5:
More information about the topic you could read here , here , and here .
See the exercises on Types and keyboard input to practice Java coding:
Conditions and If statements in Java allow your program to make decisions. For example, you can use them to check if a user has entered a valid password, or to determine whether a number is even or odd. For this purpose, there’s an 'if/else statement' in Java.
The syntax for an if statement is as follows:
Here could be one or more conditions in if and zero or one condition in else.
Here's a simple example:
In this example, we check if the variable "age" is greater than or equal to 18. If it is, we print "You are an adult." If not, we print "You are a minor."
Here are some Java practice exercises to understand Conditions and If statements:
In Java, a "boolean" is a data type that can have one of two values: true or false. Here's a simple example:
The output of this program is here:
In addition to representing true or false values, booleans in Java can be combined using logical operators. Here, we introduce the logical AND (&&) and logical OR (||) operators.
So the output of this program is:
More information about the topic you could read here , and here .
Here are some Java exercises to practice booleans:
With loops, you can execute any command or a block of commands multiple times. The construction of the while loop is:
Loops are essential in programming to execute a block of code repeatedly. Java provides two commonly used loops: while and for.
1. while Loop: The while loop continues executing a block of code as long as a specified condition is true. Firstly, the condition is checked. While it’s true, the body of the loop (commands) is executed. If the condition is always true, the loop will repeat infinitely, and if the condition is false, the commands in a loop will never be executed.
In this example, the code inside the while loop will run repeatedly as long as count is less than or equal to 5.
2. for Loop: The for loop is used for iterating a specific number of times.
In this for loop, we initialize i to 1, specify the condition i <= 5, and increment i by 1 in each iteration. It will print "Count: 1" to "Count: 5."
Here are some Java coding challenges to practice the loops:
An array in Java is a data structure that allows you to store multiple values of the same type under a single variable name. It acts as a container for elements that can be accessed using an index.
What you should know about arrays in Java:
In this example, we create an integer array, assign values to its elements, and access an element using indexing.
In Java, methods are like mini-programs within your main program. They are used to perform specific tasks, making your code more organized and manageable. Methods take a set of instructions and encapsulate them under a single name for easy reuse. Here's how you declare a method:
In this example, we have a main method (the entry point of the program) and a customMethod that we've defined. The main method calls customMethod, which prints a message. This illustrates how methods help organize and reuse code in Java, making it more efficient and readable.
In this example, we have a main method that calls the add method with two numbers (5 and 3). The add method calculates the sum and returns it. The result is then printed in the main method.
All composite types in Java consist of simpler ones, up until we end up with primitive types. An example of a primitive type is int, while String is a composite type that stores its data as a table of characters (primitive type char). Here are some examples of primitive types in Java:
Simple types are grouped into composite types, that are called classes. Example:
We declared a composite type Person and stored the data in a String (name) and int variable for an age of a person. Since composite types include many primitive types, they take up more memory than variables of the primitive types.
See the exercises for a coding practice in Java data types:
String is the most popular class in Java programs. Its objects are stored in a memory in a special way. The structure of this class is rather simple: there’s a character array (char array) inside, that stores all the characters of the string.
String class also has many helper classes to simplify working with strings in Java, and a lot of methods. Here’s what you can do while working with strings: compare them, search for substrings, and create new substrings.
Example of comparing strings using the equals() method.
Also you can check if a string contains a substring using the contains() method.
You can create a new substring from an existing string using the substring() method.
More information about the topic you could read here , here , here , here , and here .
Here are some Java programming exercises to practice the strings:
In Java, objects are instances of classes that you can create to represent and work with real-world entities or concepts. Here's how you can create objects:
First, you need to define a class that describes the properties and behaviors of your object. You can then create an object of that class using the new keyword like this:
It invokes the constructor of a class.If the constructor takes arguments, you can pass them within the parentheses. For example, to create an object of class Person with the name "Jane" and age 25, you would write:
Suppose you want to create a simple Person class with a name property and a sayHello method. Here's how you do it:
In this example, we defined a Person class with a name property and a sayHello method. We then created two Person objects (person1 and person2) and used them to represent individuals with different names.
Here are some coding challenges in Java object creation:
Static classes and methods in Java are used to create members that belong to the class itself, rather than to instances of the class. They can be accessed without creating an object of the class.
Static methods and classes are useful when you want to define utility methods or encapsulate related classes within a larger class without requiring an instance of the outer class. They are often used in various Java libraries and frameworks for organizing and providing utility functions.
You declare them with the static modifier.
Static Methods
A static method is a method that belongs to the class rather than any specific instance. You can call a static method using the class name, without creating an object of that class.
In this example, the add method is static. You can directly call it using Calculator.add(5, 3)
Static Classes
In Java, you can also have static nested classes, which are classes defined within another class and marked as static. These static nested classes can be accessed using the outer class's name.
In this example, Student is a static nested class within the School class. You can access it using School.Student.
More information about the topic you could read here , here , here , and here .
See below the exercises on Static classes and methods in our Java coding practice for beginners:
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Java Ternary Operator
Java instanceof Operator
Java Operator Precedence
Java Bitwise and Shift Operators
Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, + is an operator used for addition, while * is also an operator used for multiplication.
Operators in Java can be classified into 5 types:
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,
Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b . Similarly, there are various other arithmetic operators in Java.
Operator | Operation |
Addition | |
Subtraction | |
Multiplication | |
Division | |
Modulo Operation (Remainder after division) |
In the above example, we have used + , - , and * operators to compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication operations.
/ Division Operator
Note the operation, a / b in our program. The / operator is the division operator.
If we use the division operator with two integers, then the resulting quotient will also be an integer. And, if one of the operands is a floating-point number, we will get the result will also be in floating-point.
% Modulo Operator
The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 7 is divided by b = 4 , the remainder is 3 .
Note : The % operator is mainly used with integers.
Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example,
Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age .
Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.
Operator | Example | Equivalent to |
---|---|---|
3. java relational operators.
Relational operators are used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,
Here, < operator is the relational operator. It checks if a is less than b or not.
It returns either true or false .
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
Is Equal To | returns | |
Not Equal To | returns | |
Greater Than | returns | |
Less Than | returns | |
Greater Than or Equal To | returns | |
Less Than or Equal To | returns |
Note : Relational operators are used in decision making and loops.
Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false . They are used in decision making.
Operator | Example | Meaning |
---|---|---|
(Logical AND) | expression1 expression2 | only if both and are |
(Logical OR) | expression1 expression2 | if either or is |
(Logical NOT) | expression | if is and vice versa |
Working of Program
Unary operators are used with only one operand. For example, ++ is a unary operator that increases the value of a variable by 1 . That is, ++5 will return 6 .
Different types of unary operators are:
Operator | Meaning |
---|---|
: not necessary to use since numbers are positive without using it | |
: inverts the sign of an expression | |
: increments value by 1 | |
: decrements value by 1 | |
: inverts the value of a boolean |
Java also provides increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively. ++ increases the value of the operand by 1 , while -- decrease it by 1 . For example,
Here, the value of num gets increased to 6 from its initial value of 5 .
In the above program, we have used the ++ and -- operator as prefixes (++a, --b) . We can also use these operators as postfix (a++, b++) .
There is a slight difference when these operators are used as prefix versus when they are used as a postfix.
To learn more about these operators, visit increment and decrement operators .
Bitwise operators in Java are used to perform operations on individual bits. For example,
Here, ~ is a bitwise operator. It inverts the value of each bit ( 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 ).
The various bitwise operators present in Java are:
Operator | Description |
---|---|
Bitwise Complement | |
Left Shift | |
Right Shift | |
Unsigned Right Shift | |
Bitwise AND | |
Bitwise exclusive OR |
These operators are not generally used in Java. To learn more, visit Java Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators .
Besides these operators, there are other additional operators in Java.
The instanceof operator checks whether an object is an instanceof a particular class. For example,
Here, str is an instance of the String class. Hence, the instanceof operator returns true . To learn more, visit Java instanceof .
The ternary operator (conditional operator) is shorthand for the if-then-else statement. For example,
Here's how it works.
Let's see an example of a ternary operator.
In the above example, we have used the ternary operator to check if the year is a leap year or not. To learn more, visit the Java ternary operator .
Now that you know about Java operators, it's time to know about the order in which operators are evaluated. To learn more, visit Java Operator Precedence .
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Solved assignment problems in java (with algorithm and flowchart).
Q1 . Create a program to compute the volume of a sphere. Use the formula: V = (4/3) *pi*r 3 where pi is equal to 3.1416 approximately. The r is the radius of sphere. Display the result.
Q2 . Write a program the converts the input Celsius degree into its equivalent Fahrenheit degree. Use the formula: F = (9/5) *C+32.
Q3 . Write a program that converts the input dollar to its peso exchange rate equivalent. Assume that the present exchange rate is 51.50 pesos against the dollar. Then display the peso equivalent exchange rate.
Q4 . Write a program that converts an input inch(es) into its equivalent centimeters. Take note that one inch is equivalent to 2.54cms.
Q5 . Write a program that exchanges the value of two variables: x and y. The output must be: the value of variable y will become the value of variable x, and vice versa.
Q6 . Design a program to find the circumference of a circle. Use the formula: C=2πr, where π is approximately equivalent 3.1416.
Q7 . Write a program that takes as input the purchase price of an item (P), its expected number of years of service (Y) and its expected salvage value (S). Then outputs the yearly depreciation for the item (D). Use the formula: D = (P – S) Y.
Q8 . Swapping of 2 variables without using temporary (or 3 rd variable).
Q9 . Determine the most economical quantity to be stocked for each product that a manufacturing company has in its inventory: This quantity, called economic order quantity (EOQ) is calculated as follows: EOQ=2rs/1 where: R= total yearly production requirement S=set up cost per order I=inventory carrying cost per unit.
Q10 . Write a program to compute the radius of a circle. Derive your formula from the given equation: A=πr², then display the output.
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Click here for the solution, 3. write a program to swap two numbers, 4. write a java program to convert integer numbers and binary numbers., 5. write a program to find factorial of a number in java., 6. write a java program to add two complex numbers., 7. write a program to calculate simple interest in java, 8. write a program to print the pascal’s triangle in java, 9. write a program to find sum of fibonacci series number, java exercise on pattern.
11. write a java program to print pattern., 12. write a java program to print pattern., 13. java program to print patterns., array exercises in java.
15. write a java program to find the largest element in array, 16. write java program to find the tranpose of matrix, 17. java array program for array rotation, 18. java array program to remove duplicate elements from an array, 19. java array program to remove all occurrences of an element in an array, string exercises in java.
21. java string program to check anagram, 22. java string program to reverse a string, 23. java string program to remove leading zeros.
Time Complexity: O(N) Space Complexity: O(N)
Time Complexity: O(logN) Space Complexity: O(N)
Time Complexity: O(N 2 ) Space Complexity: O(1)
28. java program for selection sort., 29. java program for merge sort..
Time Complexity: O(N logN) Space Complexity: O(N)
Time Complexity: O(N logN) Space Complexity: O(1)
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Solution 1: Brute Force. We generate n! possible job assignments and for each such assignment, we compute its total cost and return the less expensive assignment. Since the solution is a permutation of the n jobs, its complexity is O (n!). Solution 2: Hungarian Algorithm. The optimal assignment can be found using the Hungarian algorithm.
Note: The compound assignment operator in Java performs implicit type casting. Let's consider a scenario where x is an int variable with a value of 5. int x = 5; If you want to add the double value 4.5 to the integer variable x and print its value, there are two methods to achieve this: Method 1: x = x + 4.5. Method 2: x += 4.5.
The Hungarian algorithm, aka Munkres assignment algorithm, utilizes the following theorem for polynomial runtime complexity (worst case O(n 3)) and guaranteed optimality: If a number is added to or subtracted from all of the entries of any one row or column of a cost matrix, then an optimal assignment for the resulting cost matrix is also an ...
For implementing the above algorithm, the idea is to use the max_cost_assignment() function defined in the dlib library. This function is an implementation of the Hungarian algorithm (also known as the Kuhn-Munkres algorithm) which runs in O(N 3) time. It solves the optimal assignment problem. Below is the implementation of the above approach:
Java Programming: The Assignment Operator in Java ProgrammingTopics Discussed:1. Assignment operator in Java.2. Assignment statements in Java.3. Assignment e...
The Java programming language provides operators that perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There's a good chance you'll recognize them by their counterparts in basic mathematics. The only symbol that might look new to you is "%", which divides one operand by another and returns the remainder as its result.
Now let's discuss how to solve the job assignment problem using a branch and bound algorithm. Let's see the pseudocode first: algorithm MinCost(M): // INPUT // M = The cost matrix // OUTPUT // The optimal job assignment minimizing the total cost while true: E <- LeastCost() if E is a leaf node: print(E) return for each child S of E: Add(S) S.parent <- E
Assignment Operators in Java: An Overview. We already discussed the Types of Operators in the previous tutorial Java. In this Java tutorial, we will delve into the different types of assignment operators in Java, and their syntax, and provide examples for better understanding.Because Java is a flexible and widely used programming language. Assignment operators play a crucial role in ...
To assign a value to a variable, use the basic assignment operator (=). It is the most fundamental assignment operator in Java. It assigns the value on the right side of the operator to the variable on the left side. Example: int x = 10; int x = 10; In the above example, the variable x is assigned the value 10.
It is used for solving the optimization problems and minimization problems. If we have given a maximization problem then we can convert it using the Branch and bound technique by simply converting the problem into a maximization problem. Let's understand through an example. Jobs = {j1, j2, j3, j4} P = {10, 5, 8, 3}
/***** * Compilation: javac AssignmentProblem.java * Execution: java AssignmentProblem n * Dependencies: DijkstraSP.java DirectedEdge.java * * Solve an n-by-n assignment problem in n^3 log n time using the * successive shortest path algorithm.
Test your Learn Java knowledge with our Assignment Operators practice problem. Dive into the world of java challenges at CodeChef.
This section presents an example that shows how to solve an assignment problem using both the MIP solver and the CP-SAT solver. Example. In the example there are five workers (numbered 0-4) and four tasks (numbered 0-3).
Explore the Java coding exercises for practicing with commands below. First, read the conditions, scroll down to the Solution box, and type your solution. Then, click Verify (above the Conditions box) to check the correctness of your program. Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3. Start task.
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Java Comparison Operators. Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions. The return value of a comparison is either true or false. These values are known as Boolean values, and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If ...
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2. Java Assignment Operators. Assignment operators are used in Java to assign values to variables. For example, int age; age = 5; Here, = is the assignment operator. It assigns the value on its right to the variable on its left. That is, 5 is assigned to the variable age. Let's see some more assignment operators available in Java.
Java is the foundation for virtually every type of networked application and is the global standard for developing and delivering embedded and mobile applications, games, Web-based content, and enterprise software. With more than 9 million developers worldwide, Java enables you to efficiently develop, deploy and use exciting applications and ...
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Solved Assignment Problems in Java (with Algorithm and Flowchart) Q1. Create a program to compute the volume of a sphere. Use the formula: V = (4/3) *pi*r 3 where pi is equal to 3.1416 approximately. The r is the radius of sphere. Display the result. Q2. Write a program the converts the input Celsius degree into its equivalent Fahrenheit degree.
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Java Practice Programs . This Java exercise is designed to deepen your understanding and refine your Java coding skills, these programs offer hands-on experience in solving real-world problems, reinforcing key concepts, and mastering Java programming fundamentals.
How Edabit Works. This is an introduction to how challenges on Edabit work. In the Code tab above you'll see a starter function that looks like this: public static boolean returnTrue () { } All you have to do is type return true; between the curly braces { } and then click the Check button. If you did this correctly, the button will turn re ...